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ABSTRACT
A study was carried to ascertain the potency of some techniques used in diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Two hundred and five samples (203) were collected from the patients from the university of Nigerian teaching hospital and was analysed using Elisa kit, which has the ability to detect antibodies and antigens in the patients serum, the Western blots were used as the confirmatory test, to the Elisa test, In case where there is false positive of Elisa test, it is specific and sensitive, Radioimmunoasay looks for the antigens which are radioactively label. The patients result shows that 154 patients out of the 205 diagnosed were negative and only 51 patients were positive. The Elisa kit were best used because of its sensitivity and specificity. It is very cheap and can be easily seen in the market, unlike the Radiommunoassay which are rare and very expensive to be used.
Appendices
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The Human Immunodeficiency virus
(HIV) is the virus that causes acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome
(AIDS) a condition that slowly destroys the body Immune system and makes
the body vulnerable to infections. The virus is typically called Human
Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) because it destroys the Immune system of
the individual which is responsible for protecting the individual from
disease. The immunodeficiency associated with, HIV infection can be
enormous, and it is the major cause of death, due to the disfucntion of
immune system. The problem with AIDS is , sits neurological dementia
complex. HIV is a lentivirus, a subgroup of retrovirus. The family of
virus is known for lafency, persistent viremia, infection of the nervous
system and weak hot immune system. Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
is small ultra-microscopic organism that infect living things and uses
them to make copies of itself when one’s Immune system is damaged by
HIV, AIDS take place (Gallants, 1999).
HIV was first recognized in
1981 in Homosexual men in New York city. In the united states the HIV is
now known to have originated from chimpanzees, transmission from chimps
to human. Initially, there was wild speculation about what might be the
cause of AIDs, but in 1982, the centre for disease control had
convincing epidermological evidence that AIDS was caused by a new
infectious agents.
Dulbecco et-al (1983, located small quantities of
the new virus named Lymphademopalty virus (LAN) but enough to be used an
antigenina blood test which showed that AIDS patients were infected
with the virus. WHO, (19097), responded that the number of patients
living with AIDS has escaculated, a figure of 9000 was confirmed by may
1997. In African AIDs was first responded in 1982. In Nigerian it was
first responded in 1986, among commercial sex workers in Lagos and
calabar. In 2003 the seroprevalence has been on the increase, despite
the comprehensive and successful prevention effort in many part of the
would, 4. 1 million new HIV infection was expected to have occurs In
2003 alone, which could have been contributed by an estimated 9,020 to
10,000 infection per day.
Currently, the health problem in Nigerian
considering reports from various hospitals particularly, the tertiary
hospitals, place AIDS infections in Nigerian at a very serious state.
the potential and propensity for widespread is enormous and the
debilitating and negative effect n the economy, the population category
affected the working class and the dependents which constitute the
penultimate individuals to the working class. HIV infections in this
direction and orientation should be healed as a national emergency in
Nigeria.
Meanwhile, Dr. Robert Gallo’s laboratory begin recovering a
virus from AIDS patient, and reported the finding in the science
journal. A number of these vinal isolated was introduced together into
continuous cell cultures to see if a strain of the virus could replicate
in the cells one did replicates and Gallo’s named the virus HILV. III
because of the resemblance to two human T-lymphotropic viruses. (Neser,
2001).
By 2004, it was shown that many esymtomatic people was
infected with virus and could transmits it and that the epidemic was far
more extensive than previously suspected. Blood test was generally
available for routine testing to donate blood. Thus markedly improving
the safety of blood transfusion and products prepared from pooled blood
(peiperls, 1995)
1.1 Hypothesis
H.O: There is significant
difference in the result of Westernblots (WB), Enzymes Linked Immuno
(Elisa) and Radiommuneoassay kit among HIV carriers.
HI: There is no
significant difference in the result of Enzymes linked –
immurosorbentassay (Elise), Western blots (WB), and Radommunoasay kit
(RIA) among HIV carriers.
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
To evalulate the current techniques used in the diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
To help recommend the best and most reliable one essaying HIV
1.3 Statement of problems
The major problem with
HIV/AIDs in developing would has been the failure to set realistic
priorities with respect to both research and control.
As clinical
diagnosis fail to effectively by emphasis on the virus attack is they
are increasing case on HIV infection. Some specific techniques are use
for the diagnosis of the HIV infection.
1.4 Limitation of the study
this work is carried
out in university of Nigeria Teaching hospital Enugu (UNTH). There is
lack of finance in the completion of the project work, lack of the
project work, lack of the availability of time also reduce the period of
time used.
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