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ABSTRACT
This study identifies suitable sites appropriate for solid
waste landfill in the vicinity of Jos-North using Remote Sensing and of
Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Remote Sensing was used for
generating a landuse map of the study area and GIS was used in
integrating various layers of information, practically having the same
spatial reference, to produce a suitability map for solid waste
landfill. The task required a number of multiple criteria, and each
having some level of importance. In order to accommodate the significant
role of each criteria, the Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA),
particularly Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was employed. For this
purpose, nine (9) input map layers including settlements, roads,
wetlands, slope, geology, soil, landuse, floodplains, and surface water
were prepared and used as constraint criteria for determining
suitability. Weighted overlay tool in ArcGIS 9.3 was used for the final
suitability map, and it yielded conformable results. Out of 291km2 of
the entire study area, 20.8km2 was found to be suitable for siting
sustainable landfill. The map layers related with geology, hydrogeology,
and land use are based on available data. Because they are not
specifically prepared for landfill site selection purpose, the
information provided from these maps were not quite satisfactory. It is
understood that rather than general purpose lithological map, the maps
showing distribution, thickness, and characteristics of the
unconsolidated superficial deposits are more helpful. Thus, for landfill
siting studies, special purpose engineering geological and
hydrogeological maps are required. The slope layer needs to be refined
to exclude those areas along the ridges and the hill tops.
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Solid
waste management is an important element in public health and
environmental protection (Yesilnacar & Cetin, 2005). Its main
purpose is to provide hygienic, efficient and economic collection,
transportation, treatment and/or disposal of solid wastes without
polluting the atmosphere, soil or water resources, and the management
strategy should address the issue of aesthetic (UNDP, 1997 ) .
The
growth in municipal solid waste generation the world over has been
reported to be a consequence of urbanization, industrialization, and
population growth, together with improved living standard (Rao, Brinda,
& Harikrihna, 2007). It is estimated that the United Kingdom
produces 35 million tonnes of municipal solid waste annually (Koshy,
Emma, Sarah, Tim & Kelly, 2007) and in the United States of America,
more than 140 million tonnes of municipal waste is generated annually,
while Japan and Germany generates 50.2 million and 43.5 million tonnes
respectively, in 1993 (Sakai, et al., 1996).
The situation in Africa
is similar to other parts of the world. Nigeria with a population
growth rate of about 2.8% per annum and an urban growth rate of about
5.5% per annum (Imam, Mohammed, Wilson & Cheeseman, 2008) generates
about 20 kg of Solid waste per capita every year (Olaleye &
Sangodina, 2000). Also, solid waste generated by an average Nigerian per
day is estimated to be around 0.49kg while commercial centres and
households contribute almost 90% of the total waste found in urban
centres (Solomon, 2009).
According to a United Nations
Development Programme survey of 151 cities from around the world, the
second most serious problem that city dwellers face (after unemployment)
is insufficient solid waste disposal (UNDP, 1997). Thus, a properly
sustainable waste management practice is highly needed to handle the
situation.
In developed countries, the issue of solid waste is
properly handled through the effective management process of waste
reduction, reuse, recycle and proper disposal. However, in developing
countries, municipal solid waste management system is either not
efficient or still at the rudimentary stage and as such solid waste
generated has become a threat to the environment (Solomon, 2009). For
instance, in Jos North, waste is generally dumped inside culverts and
rivers, and at the on-set of raining season flood becomes a common scene
in the city of Jos (Wuyep, 2011). As for dumping waste in the River
Dilimi, a major drainage of the Jos-plateau, Abdullahi (2008) reveals
the presence of heavy metals in vegetables crops planted along the
river, as beyond the limit of exposure stipulated by WHO and attributes
this to waste dumped into the river in addition to run-off of fertilizer
from farm lands. Thus proper disposal of waste is urgently needed to
achieve sustainable waste management.
According to Rao, et al.,
(2007) to achieve a sustainable solid waste management system, policies
and techniques such as waste recycling, reuse, waste reduction, thermal
treatment, landfilling etc, must be in place. Out of these techniques,
landfilling is the most common method adopted in many countries
(Yesilnacar & Cetin, 2005). Landfill is a system for solid waste
disposal onto or into land, taking social, economic and environmental
matters into account (Rao, et al., 2007). Sanitary landfilling is the
technique of disposing of refuse on land creating no nuisance or danger
to public health or safety by applying the principles of engineering to
restrict the refuse within a smallest practical volume and to cover it
with a layer of earth at more frequent periods as may be required
(UN-HABITAT, 2010).
In Nigeria, open or uncontrolled dumping is
largely used as waste disposal method but the benefit of sanitary
landfill over the Open dumping methods cannot be overemphasized because
it is pollution-free thereby eliminating any health or environmental
risk that may result from solid waste disposal (UN-HABITAT, 2010).
However, municipal landfill siting is becoming increasingly difficult
considering that closeness of site to residential area, river, water
channel or other fragile ecosystem could lead to adverse environmental
pollution and degradation as well as health hazards (UN-HABITAT, 2010).
According to Sakai et al. (1996) a properly designed and wellmanaged
landfill can be hygienic and relatively inexpensive while a poorly
designed or poorly managed landfill can create a number of environmental
problems such as ground water contamination, wind-blown litters, and
attraction of vermin in addition to uncontrolled emission of landfill
gases such as methane. Such problems have resulted into the
non-acceptance of landfills by communities (Yesilnacar & Centin,
2005).
Therefore, to protect the ecosystem from being disturbed and
to ensure healthy environment for the survival of man, it becomes
necessary to carefully locate landfills on environmentally suitable
locations (Sakai et al., 1996). Selection of sites for landfill involves
an extensive evaluation process in order to identify the optimal
available disposal location. This location must satisfy basic government
regulations, and also take into cognizance how to minimize important
factors like health, economic, environmental and social cost (Siddiqui
et al., 1996). In fact, different researchers have used varying criteria
for site selection purposes due mainly to the fact that different
criteria apply to different regions (Stinnette, 1996; Sadek & Fadel,
2006).
It is evident that, many factors must be incorporated into
landfill siting decisions and Geographic Information System (GIS)
together with Remote Sensing is ideal for this kind of preliminary
studies due to their ability to manage large volumes of spatial data
from a variety of sources. GIS is practically effective in storing,
retrieving and analyzing, and also displays information according to
user defined specifications (Siddiqui et al., 1996). According to Kao
& Lin (1996) large amount of spatial data can be processed using GIS
and thus, it potentially saves time that would normally be spent in
selecting an appropriate site using manual processing approach.
Multicriteria
Decision Analysis (MCDA) can be used to deal with the difficulties that
decision-makers encounter in handling large amounts of complex
information. The principle of the method is to divide the decision
problems into smaller more understandable parts, analyze each part
separately and then integrate the parts in a logical manner (Malczewski,
1997).
The integration of GIS and MCDA provides a reliabl e
platform for solving the landfill site selection problem, because GIS
provides efficient manipulation and presentation of the data and MCDA
supplies consistent ranking of the potential landfill areas based on a
variety of criteria. Hence the need for this study to apply GIS in the
selection of suitable landfill sites for sustainable waste management in
Jos North Local Government Area (LGA) of Plateau State.
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