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ABSTRACT
This study appraised the relevance of radio broadcast
towards sport development in Nigeria. Survey research design method was
adopted for the collection of the data for this research. The population
size is the entire student of the Ibarapa Polytechnic, Eruwa while four
departments in the Institution were randomly selected as the sample
size of the population. In all 100 respondents were used in the process.
CHAPTER ONE
Background information
Mass media messages are
often referred to those directed at a large group of person by means of
an electronic medium involving the dissemination of information,
knowledge and entertainment to a large diverse, sometimes homogenous but
mostly heterogeneous audience. For any human society, the successful
conduct of its internal and external affairs depends largely on the
extent to which information is disperse and shared, the need for
information is such that man can hardly function or determine the course
of their life without communication (Dickson, 2005). It is in the light
of this that the critical role of the media is captured in its
impulsive tendency to direct and redirect the course of altitudinal
change and building public perception towards societal affairs. This is a
clear indication of how much the media are drench in the society. A
good deal of support in common sense and evidence establishes a
relationship of interdependence between the media and the society within
which it operates and whose characteristics it often assumes, this
relationship assumes two perspectives. Firstly, that the mass media are
aspect of the society and as such as McQuail (2006) opines, are
dependent on economic and power structure of the society and can be
controlled or limited by those who own them. Secondly by their content,
media are assumed to have potentials for significant influence and that
the particular ideas and values conveyed by the media can exert
significant social change regardless of the nature of ownership. Going
by the position of the second perspectives of the media, a clear
indication suggest great emphasis on the influence of media production
and reception on social factors, suggesting that media messages function
to influence its immediate physical environment. According to Rodney
(2009), the media in performance of their traditional function of
editorializing, information, correlation and socialization, participates
in the social life of the society. Now let?s take a closer look at some
of the key concepts around which this study is built, one of which is
journalism which may well not be an alien term for many, especially
those within the spectra of media, but for the purpose of scholarship,
it is worthwhile to provide a workable definition for journalism that is
in alignment with the topic of the this research study. According to
Sambe (2005:230) journalism is a report of things as they appear at the
moment of writing, not a definitive study of situation. Journalism has
also been regarded as the activity or product of journalist or others
engaged in the presentation of written, visual or audio materials
intended for dissemination through public media with reference to
factual, ongoing events of public concern, it is intended to inform the
society about occurrences and to uncover that which would otherwise be
unknown (i.e investigative journalism). It is the views of Harcup
(2004), that Journalism entails creating and directing messages at
consumers of the media who may comprise non-specific general audience or
narrower market segment. Drawing similarities from the earlier concepts
elucidated above, Sport journalism therefore can be viewed from Steve?s
(2001) perspective, which he opines, is a form of writing that reports
on sporting topics, events and games, often regarded as an unserious
genre of journalism because the journalist within this concern are
considered to be concerned with less serious topics covered by the news
desk. However, sport journalism has grown in significance as sport
itself as grown in wealth, power and influence. Sport journalism in the
views of Steen (2007) covers writings and reports about amateur and
professional sports, sport journalism in print medium provide detailed
previews of upcoming events and post-game analysis in addition to
extensive updates of game scores, player statistics and team standings.
In the same vein, broadcast sport journalism provides real-time
reporting and commentary of sporting events for television and radio
broadcast. Sports are said to deal with physical activities with well
set rules and regulations. From the set of rules, winners emerge and
such winners attract reward from both the private sectors and public
sector. This is a clear indication of the increased value of sport
(Nwanne, 2010). Sports promote sustainable physical fitness and good
health, social mobilization, harmony and national integration. It
provides entertainment, enhances the international image of a country,
creates employment opportunities, enhances education and promotes
tourism and culture. Sports is an organized physical and recreational
activities which is geared at facilitating human and material resources
for intrinsic and extrinsic values, sports has become globally
acknowledged as a potential tool for national and economic development.
Nations of the world therefore endeavor to utilize their potentials in
sports to enhance the attainment of their respective development
objectives.
The most important change that has taken place in the
sport industry is the significant role the media are playing in the
development of sports all over the world. Apart from the fact that the
media has increased sports awareness and spectatorship among peoples of
the world, it has also increased revenue generation which has enriched
the various sports stakeholders. The media have been playing a catalyst
role for the identification and the promotion of knowledge, information
and understanding about various sports and sporting talent in various
nations (Alimi, 2003).Acosta (2002) pointed out those competitive sports
would only survive and develop with the cooperation of the media. It is
for this reason that sports must enjoy good relationship with the
press, radio, and television. The relationship should be effective,
continuous, and personal and open (Morakinyo, 2010).
In Nigeria,
despite the abundance of human and material resources, the country is
yet to optimize its full potentials in the area of sports. Several
factors may be accountable for this state of affairs which may not
exclude institutional, management and leadership challenges (Dickson,
2005). Nigeria is the most populous black nation in the world and most
populous in Africa, with over 160 million people and an ocean of
valuable oil flowing in its creeks, richly blessed to be the glowing
light of the black race. However corruption and lack of proper
accountability as well as Maladministration as been the cog in the wheel
of the progress and development, regardless of what sector, the story
is the same. With regards to sporting development, Nigerians, especially
its sport officials and administrators to whom responsibilities of
sport management and development has been entrusted to, have always been
on the wrong end of appraisal, with huge criticism levied against them
about the state
of the nation?s dwindling sporting development rather
than the otherwise, with ailing sporting facilities, lack of
encouragement at the grass-root level and a culture of corruption that
continues to swallow the inadequate funds channel to the sector (Eseka,
2012).
Also, Nigerian athletes are hampered by a lack of funds and
the national sport administration is in a state of shamble. This
according to Chris Eseka, a veteran sport journalist, who believes the
problem of sport development in Nigeria is mostly from the
administrators rather than the fault of the athletes training with
scarce facilities. Be that as it may, there exist evidence across the
globe of nations with even worse state of sporting facilities, wrestling
with an epileptic budget that were able to make a bold statement on the
world stage when it mattered.
The performance of the nation?s
sporting athletes at the just concluded London 2012 Olympic games is a
clear attestation to the abysmal level to which sporting development in
the country is nose-diving out of glory and a pointer which glaringly
proves that you reap only what you sow as evidently portrayed by the
Team Nigerian athletes. It is also a further prove of the various
accusations from stakeholders within the industry which clearly indicts
the sport officials in the country who were expectant of any sporting
medal without investing any meaningful input. They expected the
dividends of sporting success which only comes with preparedness,
investment and hard work (Gregory, 2012).
The media at certain
instances have also shared part of the spoils for promoting foreign
sporting institutions and event rather than giving adequate attention to
promoting indigenous sporting event, sport journalism in Nigeria have
often be criticized to have tilted more towards covering European event
and athletes than local talent promotion.
Therefore asking questions
of how well sport journalist understands their role to the development
of sport in Nigeria. This study therefore intends to examine the
critical role of sport journalism to the development of sports in
Nigeria, looking at the sporting programmes and coverage of Oluyole Fm
as its case study and also looking at the airtime allocated to different
kinds of sports as well as the sporting event they give adequate
coverage to and the outcome of such to that sport(s).
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The
study intends to find out how sport journalism has contributed to sport
development in Nigeria. In specific terms it intends to:
1. Identify the responsibilities of sport journalists to sport development in Nigeria
2. Find out the level of coverage given to sporting events in Nigerian media.
3. Measure the effectiveness of sport journalism to sport development in Nigeria.
4. Identify the type of sport(s) activities covered by the Nigerian media.
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Sport
journalism is relatively a new and experimental genre of journalism for
most developing countries like Nigeria, and may not have all the
necessary condition for success. And so this research study will be of
great importance to the generality of Nigerians who will want to venture
into the practice of sport journalism or own and operate media houses
that are purely to develop the nation?s sporting s
Similarly, this
research study will also serve to find out the responsibilities of sport
writers to the development of sports in Nigeria, with a view to
establish sport journalism as an important genre of journalism giving
the increasing value of sport in our society. Thus, helping to make it
an attractive career option for journalist. Furthermore, the study will
also be relevant to other researchers as it will be providing the
opportunity to know more on the benefit or otherwise of sport journalism
and media coverage of sporting event as well as local talent promotion
and exposure through sport in Nigeria.
It will also serve as a guide
to our national sport policy makers and future policy inquiry into the
field of sport journalism and sport development, the possible
recommendations made will be very useful to sport administrators and
management of the various sporting associations or bodies in the country
as will be highlighted in some of their operation.
1.4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The
media in carry out their social responsibility and development role in
sport development in Nigeria have been criticized for placing too much
emphasis on European sporting promotion and culture to the detriment of
indigenous games and talents, calling for a serious re-evaluation of the
roles and obligations of sport journalist and media through
self-regulation. However, looking at the nature of media ownership and
the high cost of media production, industry watchers agree that
practitioners have taken to profit maximization which finds a fertile
ground in foreign sport portrayal on Nigerian media and the huge advert
revenue it attracts for the media than in the local sporting events and
activities, which is under-funded, ill equipped and lacks proper
promotion, administration, management, branding and packaging.
Meanwhile,
there also exists the problem of Nigerian high taste for foreign input
in the media, particularly sports; Nigerians prefer staying at their
places of work with company of friends and families discussing the
outcome of foreign sporting activities or even watching, rather than to
pay or tune in to see their local athletes or sporting activities.
Trends among
scores of Nigerian media organization equally indicate
the little concern and coverage allocated to sporting issues and events
and even where such was the case, greater proportion of the stories are
about global sporting stars and talents at the expense of our own
home-bred professional.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study would
primarily focus on the assessment of the contribution of sport
journalism to sport development in Nigeria with a view to entrenching a
culture of sport in Nigeria and in order to achieve this, the mass media
are required to re-orient itself and review it role towards sport
development in Nigeria, this is in recognition of the symbiotic
relationship that exists between the media and sports. It will also
focus on the examining and assessing the responsibilities of sport
journalist to sporting development in Nigeria, raising ethical issues on
modern practices as it relates to sport coverage and reporting with the
increasing growth in the value of sport to any society as well as the
overall assessment of the current level of effectiveness of sporting
coverage?s and the type of sport that currently enjoys great media
exhibition and promotion with a view to examine the impact of the
attention on the sporting event and how such could translate to others
(i.e. other sports) and bring about improved development of the sector.
1.6 BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CASE STUDY
Oluyole
98.5FM is known as the radio arm of the broadcasting corporation of Oyo
state established in 1976 while the television arm was founded in 1982.
There are currently 4499 members of staff in the Broadcasting
Corporation of the state. The Radio station operates under the license
of terrestrial radio with the frequency 795MHZ-AM, 98.5MHZ. It educates,
enlightens, entertains and disseminates information to the occupants of
the state and beyond.
The impact of Oluyole 98.5fm in developing
sport in Nigeria cannot be underestimated as it brings it audience into
the spirit of sports through sport programmes done every Wednesday and
Saturdays between the periods of 12pm-12:30pm to spread various updates
in the world of sport. The programme presented by Adekola Omotosho
popularly known as king of boys uses the first fifteen minutes of the
programme to discuss the local/national sport before advancing to the
foreign aspect in the last or remaining fifteen of the programme.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
I.
Analyze: to examine something in order to understand it better or
discover more about it or to find out what something is made up of or
identifying its constituent parts.
II. Communication: the exchange of
information between persons either by means of speaking, writing or
using a common system of signs or behaviour.
III. Contribution: this is something that one gives or does to help make something more successful or see to its growth.
IV. Development: the process of growing, changing or making something to become better.
V. Genre: a kind of art, literature, institution etc. That has a particular style or feature.
VI.
Investigative journalism: this is a form of journalism in which
reporters deeply investigate and immerse themselves into a single topic
of interest, often involving crime, political corruption or corporate
wrongdoings.
VII Journalism: this is the act of gathering, processing
and preparation of written, visual and audio material intended for
dissemination by means of a public media.
VIII. Mass media: communication media that reaches a large audience especially television, radio, newspaper and magazine.
IX. Spectatorship: the act of watching or viewing an event, especially sporting events.
X.Sport: a game or physical activity that you do for enjoyment or in order to compete against other people
XI. Sportscaster: a broadcaster who specializes in reporting sporting activities or games.
XII.
Sport administration: the various activities involve in the management
of sports, sporting institutions, promotion, athletes and brands.
XIII.
Sport development: all efforts geared towards the upliftment and
improvement of sport and other sport related activity or institutions.
XIV.
Sport journalism: the activity of gathering and disseminating to a
large audience through the mass media reports of sporting activities
like, players statistics, live score etc.
XV. Reporting: to find out
facts and tell people about them in print or broadcast media or to give
information about something that happened.
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