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ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to generate a design data, design and
fabricate a maize corn-on-cob tray dryer used by maize farmers. Ripped
maize corns with husks were bought from the market and preserved to
retained its moisture content, dehusked and thereafter, dried to a given
percentage moisture content of 15%. This was done by laboratory dryer.
The drying rate data was generated and the high rate of 2.0g/hr was used
afterwards to design and fabricate the corn-on-cob dryer. From the
results, drying of a sample of maize corn-on-cob by the laboratory dryer
took a period of three days and six hours to reach the 15% moisture
content (wet basis) needed. A test run was carried out on the
fabricated dryer and seventeen hours was used to dry a sample of maize
cornon-cob to the same 15% moisture content. This implies that design
data is satisfactory as its application in the fabrication of the dryer
resulted in an increased flow rate of air in the dryer thereby
increasing the rate of drying at the
same drying temperature of 40C.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1. BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Cereal grains have been and will continue to be a major source of food
for humans and animals throughout the world. Amongst all cereals, the
most important is the maize grain. (Leonard et al, 1963). Maize corn and
products can be used for various purposes; human food, alternative
medicine, chemicals, bio fuels, ornamentals, fodder, to mention but a
few (Leonard, Warren H., and John H. Martin). Maize crop is intensively
and extensively cultivated in all the geo-political zones of Nigeria.
Early maize is planted between late March and late May while the late
maize is planted between August and September. The harvest time for the
early maize is usually between late July and September. During this
period, corns are harvested fresh and cannot be preserved by drying
owing to the unavailability of sunshine during the rainy season. It is
usually roasted or cooked fresh. This practice does not encourage maize
farmers as they would sell the maize corn at a give-away prices and this
does not guarantee returns on their investment. In addition to this,
dried maize grains will guarantee food sufficiency during the scarce
period. Notably, corn of high moisture content does not stored very well
and is usually vulnerable to damage due to deterioration, molds, and
insects during the period of storage.
However, open air-sun drying as practiced in most rural areas often
yields poor quality dried corn, since the product is not protected
against dust, moisture, wind, rodents as well as other domestic animals
while carrying out the drying. As a result, they are often contaminated
with pathogens. Another common practice in maize corn-on-cob drying is
drying over a fire place. This has its own problems as the maize grains
are contaminated with smoke. Moreover, the temperature of drying is not
properly controlled such that grains become dead after drying. There are
various research works that have been carried out on grain drying (Zare
et al, 2006; Mellmann, et al 2011; Adzimah and Seckley, 2009). These
works were silent on drying and dryer design for maize corn-on-cobs.
There are four major drying techniques; open air sun drying, fire wood
/fuel drying, electrical drying and solar drying(Anyanwu et al 2006,
Scanlin 1997 and Whitefield 2000). This research project will address
these problems associated with postharvest handling of maize
corn-on-cobs, in particular drying, by designing and fabricating
electrically operated tray dryer that will be simple but very robust in
operation.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Maize corns are usually stored when dried to certain percentage moisture
content. In Nigeria, maize corn drying is done in dry season because of
low humidity of atmospheric air and adequate sunshine. However, it is a
common place to see peasant maize farmers dry their maize corn-on-cobs
over fire place, but this practice contaminates the dried maize corn
with smoke and usually small quantity of maize corn-on-cob are dried.
The reverse is the case during the rainy season. Unfortunately, bulk of
the maize corn is harvested in the rainy season and farmers can not dry
the fresh maize corn rather they sell them at very cheap prices to corn
roasters and for other delicacies. To give value to farmers and also to
guarantee maize corn sufficiency during scarce period, it becomes
necessary that a simple but robust corn-on-cob dryer should be designed
and fabricated to assist farmers have good returns on their investment
especially during post-harvest handling of maize corn during rainy
season.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH
The aims of this research include:
i. To develop a drying rate curve for maize corn-on-cob at constant drying condition.
ii. To generate design data for tray dryer to be used to dry maize corn-on- cob.
iii. To develop and draw working diagrams for the tray dryer.
iv. To fabricate a tray dryer.
v. To test run the tray dryer.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH
Some of the benefits derivable from this research project include:
i. It will encourage maize farmers by giving them good returns on their labour and enhance maize corn production.
ii. It will provide Nigerian populace with a cleaner dried maize grains.
iii. It will attract foreign exchange for Nigeria as cleaner dried maize can be export.
iv. It will ensure maize grain sufficiency during the scarce period.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH
This research will be restricted to the following areas;
i. Generation of design data for corn-on-cobs.
ii. Designing the corn-on-cob dryer.
iii. Fabrication of the dryer.
iv. Test run.
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