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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
As the growing population of human race widens the gulf between
energy supply and energy demand, the imbalance in energy availability
sent researchers into excavating for a way of settling this age long
squabble. A lasting solution is vested on alternative use of the
renewable energy source, a project that is yet to be widely applied.
Hence, the continuation of the unsettled yearns for sufficient power.
Consequently, the power lines are frequently over loaded resulting to a
trip of power by the action of switch gears or by the load shading
process undertaken by the distribution authorities.
Since it is crystal clear that some institutions such as health related
institutions and some other delicate systems should not be allowed to
suffer equally with their counterparts, Automatic Phase Selector is used
to sustain energy consumption in the time of phase trip. The design of
this circuit involves the use of automatic switches but the details of
design varies from place to place, time to time and also depends on the
type of load involved.
This project involves the use of transistor driven relays to affect the
change of phase whenever the voltage condition becomes intolerable in
the previous phase connected.
1.1 BACKGROUND
The intelligent phase selector is a system that is capable of comparing
three phases and switching automatically to any of the three phases. The
system consists of three main parts namely; the transformer,
comparators (which is the brain of the system) and electrical switching
device (relay).
The transformer used here is the step down type of transformer (it step
down 240v to 12v) and these transformer is feed in with different phase
voltage, rectified and smooth. Then fed in to a voltage regulator that
has positive output. The regulator outputs were connected to
comparators. Here the comparators are three in number. We call the
comparators the brain of the system because these comparators are
connected in a way that each of them will give out an output.
The relay in the system is where the output voltage is connected. In
this project we even went as far as using pictures for illustration of
some components.
1.2 AIMS/OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
The analysis of this project cannot go without enumerating the goals
meant to be achieved in the pursuit of the work. These objectives
include:-
i. To develop a simple low cost device aimed at easing the prevalent
burden faced by delicate offices, parastatals and institutions who need
very low but constant power supply. Since supply is always on along the
distribution lines that supply such sites, what pesters on the progress
of work thereof is always the unwarranted trip of phases due to power
usage from neighboring consumers. The automatic phase selector
therefore, erases this setback form the face of progress of work in such
offices.
ii. To stimulate the interest of upcoming students to take up research
not only in their field of study “Electrical/Electronic Engineering” but
also to extend their arms to other disciplines, thus enhancing the
versatility of Electrical/Electronic Engineering.
iii. To create awareness that will stimulate the interest of fellow
students who intend to take up research topic on automatic switch of any
type.
1.3 RELEVANCE OF THE PROJECT
The issue of selecting or switching over manually is now a thing of the
past. Nowadays we know that homes and offices enjoy steady power supply
once the three phases are available (i.e. red yellow and blue phases).
Is just a question of making a quick and automatic three phase selector?
1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The scope of the project covers aspects like the features of automatic
three phase selector, its applications, and its operations. Its
advantages and its components. Finally, it covers the importance on the
need of automatic three phase selector and contributions toward a
greater sharing load balance and a better three phase power distribution
and monitoring for domestics consumers.
1.5 LIMITATIONS
Owning to the nature of this project, the research centers and the
resources were not easy to come by within the immediate environment.
Some of the limitation encountered on the course of this project include
financial and time constrains which did not really take much room for
additional capacity beyond what is at hand.
1.6 TARGET BENEFICIARIES
This project will provide lasting solutions to the heavy losses incurred
by commercial institution, industries, hospitals, airport etc caused by
poor manual selector means and efficient switching facilities. It will
also be of use in our household because poor selector of phase manually
causes damage to our household equipment example electronics like
television,radio,videoplayer etc and electrical appliances like
refrigerator, air condition, fans just to mention but a few. Finally
another target is to eliminate the loss of human life due to manual
selection of the three phases.
1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
The significance of this project work cannot be overemphasized. This is
because the number of lives that has being lost to the hand of
interruption of power in health institutions and the like is not
negligible. Delicate appliances have become the main victim of this
artificial circumstance. The applicability of the outcome of this
research work in several facets of human endeavor makes this work of
real importance to humanity.
The use of the device produced from this research work would help to
reduce human labor and hazard, going by the fact that many have been
handicapped by electric shock because of the attempt they made to select
another phase, and that the handicapped are helpless and cannot change
phase.
1.8 ACHIEVEMENT OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE PROJECT
As long as electrical generation and construction is must in everyday
activities, electrical power consumption is expected to be reliable and
constant supply. Therefore, what we tend to achieve from this project
is;
1. To have constant power supply.
2. To have quick operation i.e. phase selection
3. Reliable power supply
4. Easy operation
5. Avoidance of risk in doing manual changeover or switch
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