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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
The
predominant means of instruction has traditionally been through verbal
medium, either as spoken lecture or written text. As more instructional
resources of many different media types become available to students,
especially the sandwich ones through the internet, there is a need for
educators to understand when these sources may be used effectively for
instruction, as well as a need for students to develop an additional set
of literacy skills in order to learn from these sources (Anyakoha,
1990).
Tyner (2000) argued that in the information age, the
concept of literacy has been simultaneously broadened and splinted into
many literacies in part because “the all purpose word literacy seems
hopelessly anachronistic, tainted with the nostalgic ghost of a fleeting
industrial age. The term information communication technology is among
several terms that have been associated with literacy to emphasize that
literacy extends beyond reading and writing the alphabetic codes, and
should include a variety of audio-visual forms of representation.
Associating
information communication technology with the literacy also highlights a
belief among many scholars and educators that conceptions of literacy
or studentship and how it is developed should not focus exclusively on
printed materials but should include electronic media that have moved
into the mainstream of communication especially at the end of the
twentieth century. Implicit in these views is that research and
practice related to literacy must be transformed to accommodate new ways
of accessing, process and using information by sandwich students
generally by and the sandwich students in particular (Aaron, 1997).
Information
encompasses a wide range variety of things ranging from oral and
printed words, figures, statements, files and documents to such
intangible elements as sound signals, rays and waves. Whatever the form
information takes, the essence of information is that it conveys
messages. UNESCO (1979), defined information simply as “set of data
recorded in a methodical manner” which includes: any item of knowledge
capable of facilitating the operation of a system; and any numerical or
alpha-numerical quantity processed by the machine, the aggregate of
information constitutes the data and results of a problem. According to
(Adamson, 1998), claims the term information technology refers to the
application of scientific knowledge. Information communication
technology , therefore can be defined as the acquisition, processing,
storage and dissemination of vocal, pictoral, textual and numerical
information by a micro-based combination of computing and
telecommunication.
Telecommunication is a special kind of
communication in which information is conveyed over a long distance.
Information communication technology (ICT) also refers to the more
efficient and effective way of storing, accessing and updating
information than processes involving paper. In the recent time, sandwich
students, most especially, have benefited from the use of information
communication technology (ICT) such as computer, television, telephone
and the internet as a veritable sources of information in their academic
career or pursuit. Uzoma (1999) opined that sandwich students, and
most adolescents use the information communication technology especially
the internet to gather vital educational information or materials,
register their courses of study, check their results of JAMB, NECO, GCE,
POST UME etc. Onuoha (2000), posited that the advent of information
technology has made education more simple and easy for students
especially, the students in the sandwich studies at University of
Lagos.
Onuoha claimed that information communication technology has
helped sandwich students in many ways such as project writing and
collection of necessary information leading to effective studies. Onuoha
further stated that information communication technology has created a
remarkable balance and effectiveness in the daily activities of students
mostly the sandwich students who are in the habits of using the
computer and the internets to carry out faster storage and retrieval of
information in the academic environment or school. As Adelekunnu
(1994) puts it, information communication technology (ICT) can be used
to assist sandwich students to get along with others, achieving
self-reliance and educational success. Also, it can help them to achieve
professional success and to adhere to societal values and norms. With
information technology, sandwich students achieve high academic laurels
in school, especially at the University of Lagos.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Information
communication technology as an effective means of storing, accessing,
retrieving or collecting vital information is often times used by
sandwich students to carry out their educational activities. With the
advent of information technology, sandwich students access information
that lead them to successful academic and professional achievement.
Nevertheless, information communication technology seems to have
corrupted students, especially, the adolescents who are in sandwich
studies. For instance, some sandwich students are often seen glued for
hours to the television and the internet watching or viewing
pornographic films or pictures that are capable of bending their minds
and distorting their dispositions. Studies have shown (Asobie, Achizie
and Anywanwu., 1995), that some sandwich students who browse the
internets often are more corrupt than those who do not. Sandwich
students who use the internet often or watch the television involved in
sexual promiscuity, examination malpractices, stealing and other vices
or indisciplines that are always carried out in the school, especially
at the University of Lagos. In recent times, many sandwich students have
been caught using Global System Mobile Network (GSM) phones to carry
out or perpetrate examination malpractices; to connect friends and
associates in crimes. Both adults and students are found to use the
GSM phones to tell assorted kinds of lies and deceit in the larger
society and this has made corruption to be well rooted in the society in
which we live. The more advanced manner in which television programmes
are aired and commendable, but many of the programmes show very bad and
aggressive films and many sandwich students watch them after which they
start acting what they have seen and this has affected their psyche
negatively.
1.3 Purpose of the Study
The major purpose of
this study is to carry out an investigation on the sandwich studentship
and information communication technology utilization at University of
Lagos. Other purposes include the following:
i. To examine the influence that information communication technology has influence on sandwich students’ behaviour.
ii.
To assess the significant relationship between information
communication technology and students’ academic achievements.
iii. To assess the constant use of ICT by sandwich more often than their counterpart part time students.
iv.
To evaluate the socio-economic status of students who often use
information communication technology in their educational career.
v. To determine the gender difference in the use of ICT among sandwich students.
1.4 Research Questions
The following research questions were raised in this study:
1.
To what extent can the influence of information communication
technology on sandwich students’ learning behaviour be examined?
2. Is there any relationship between information communication technology and students’ academic achievement?
3.
Do sandwich students constant use information communication technology
more often than their counterparts in part-time studies?
4. Do students from high socio-economic homes use ICT often than their counterparts from low-socio-economic homes?
5. Is there any gender difference in the use of information communication technology among sandwich students?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
The under mentioned hypotheses were tested in this study.
H1:
There is no significant relationship between information communication
technology and students’ learning behaviour at University of Lagos.
H2:
There is no significant relationship between information communication
technology and students academic achievement at University of Lagos.
H3: There is no significant gender difference between in the use of ICT among sandwich students and the part time students.
H4:
There is no significant difference between the academic performance of
students from high socio-economic homes and those from
low-socio-economic homes due to use of ICT.
H5: There is no significant gender difference in the use of information communication technology among sandwich students.
1.6 Significance of the Study
This
study will be beneficial to the following: Sandwich students will
benefit from the findings and recommendations of this study because it
help them to be able to be more aware of the information communication
technology in the school. This study will enable students to get more
involved in the utilization of information communication technology due
to the benefits derivable from it. Teachers will find this study
beneficial because with the findings and recommendations of this study,
teachers would avail themselves of the opportunity to get involved in
the use of information communication technology because of the numerous
benefits that can be derived from it. With the study also, information
communication technology and their functions. This study will assist the
school authority to be able to know more about information
communication technology and its functions especially in the life of the
sandwich students.
The recommendations of this study will enable
the school authority to expand its policy on the availability and usage
of information communication technology in the school system in Nigeria.
The society will benefit from this study, because it will assist the
society to be information communication technology friendly due to the
advantages it has. This study will afford the society to know more about
information communication technology and its functions in the world
today.
1.7 Scope of the Study
This study will cover the
influence of information communication technology utilization on
sandwich students learning outcomes at University of Lagos, Akoka,
Lagos.
1.8 Definition of Terms
Operational terms were be defined in this study thus:
Information
technology – This refers to the application of scientific knowledge.
Information communication technology is the acquisition, processing,
storage and dissemination of vocal, pictoal, textual and numerical
information by a micro-based combination of computing and
telecommunication, Asiobie, (1989).
Sandwich Students – This refers
to students who are involved in sandwich studies. Students who were
admitted without Joint Admission and Matriculation Board (JAMB).
Utilization – Putting something in use or utilizing.
Assessment
– This refers to the act of assessing, the values of amount at which
something is calculated, a judgment or opinion.
Evaluation – To calculate the value or degree of.
Accessible – This refers to get or get into, to or at. Easily persuaded or influenced.
Acquisition – The act of acquiring something or someone.
Message – A broken or written piece of information passed from one person to another; the important or central idea etc.
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