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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Birth
order is significant in child rearing, consequently the family is first
in the life of the child in several ways. As Cooley put it "the family
is the cradle of personality". It is primary in point of time in the
processing or induction of the child into society and culture. The new
individual's basic drives and need can reach fruition only with the
setting provided by these people who surround him. His interpersonal
relationships will be reflected not ire terms of any cultural
determinant alone but in terms of the various individual differentials
represented by family members. Therefore it is pertinent to note that
intellectual development in social studies as a subject area has to be
viewed closely putting into consideration the family unit as being the
key ingredients in the formation of eventual IQ growth, along with
environment variable of a student's family.
A child’s personality or
socialization trend may depend on his sibling position or birth order.
The impact of ordinal birth position upon the child and sibling
relationship has received considerable exploration nation wide, certain
generalizations may now be made if we remember that all of their birth
positions are incident to the social and emotional Climate of the home.
And this depends largely on the types of homes, like the nuclear family,
which can be looked at as a democratic home with a minimum frustration.
And the extend family with it accompanying frustration. Again of these
types of families, the socio-economic status also counts in determining
its correlation to personality development of the individual student in
general and their performance in social studies in particular. In this
study these generalization .will be grouped into the oldest child(as
first born child) whose position in the family structure is a unique one
though various studies and writers ascribe- different effects on the
position. The youngest child or the last child in the family whose
position is also a crucial position depending on the economic condition
of the family and accompanying cultural advantages for him.
The
study of these age differentials will go along way in helping teachers,
parents and the society at large to carry. out effective investigation
of the effects of birth order on students performances in social
studies. Birth order as an integral part of a child formative and
development stages is the much that will be focused on as it affects the
learning ability and assimilation rate of the students in social
studies. Coupled with this is the home and parental status and
environmental factors militarizing against students achievement in
school generally and social studies in particular will also be focused
as an area of study, being an essential and a strong determinant of
measuring students performance in social studies. Coupled with this is
the home and parental status and environmental factors militating
against students achievement in school generally and social studies in
particular will also be focused as an area of study, being an essential
and a strong determinant of measuring students performance in social
studies. Birth order or order of delivery of children in this case will
be further viewed or analyzed from the perspective of the first born
child, the middle born child and the last born child as earlier
indicated.
Huni (1966), supports the motion that the environment of
the child has a great influence on the acquisition of basic knowledge
and skill. Kernes( 1997), points out that for the child to grow
intellectually and socially with increased independence-to meet
daily-life situation, the child must be provided a conductive
environment which helps him develop adequate motor skills and be
motivated to learn. The home is the foundation of education because it
plays a central role in socializing the child. The child spends his
early years and learns his language at home. The importance of the
family was stressed by Data (1984) that the environment of the home
remains a principal settings in which the child's initial experience
have an enduring impact on the physical, intellectual and personality
development of the child".
According to Datta, the early social and
physical environment that home provides for the child has an impact on
his later social and cognitive development. Obanya (1981) further
asserted that the environment of the learner affects his attitude to
schooling as well as his performance in school. Uche (1984) claims that
there: is enough evidence from past research findings, that child's
school performance is related to their background and to activities
which go on in a child's home is related to the social status of their
parents. He also believes that many tower class parents fail to provide
even the minimum level of reinforcement and stimulation for their
children intellectual development.
1.2 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The
purpose of the study is aimed at stressing the indispensable effects of
birth order on students performance educational development.
Consequently, that parents, teachers and. the society Will be able to
appreciate the various differences in the students throughout their
schooling periods. Thus, it is expected that through this study that
glaring effects of Birth order be enumerated enough for parents and the
society at large to take redress where necessary, and maintain an
appreciated standard of breeding children so as to attain a desired
result of intelligent, well-motivated children as a product of
education. The study will also help the teachers understand why a
student learns in the way he does and their performances in social
studies and also make the students aware of the various variables that
determine their academic achievement in social studies.
1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The
specific statement of the problem is to analyze the extent to which
birth order of the children or their positions in the family affects the
child's performance in sue: along with the socio-economic status of the
family. Analysis of the position of the children, that is, the first
child, middle child and the last born child in the family will be
studied closely in order determine their academic performance in
social. In order to ascertain the reasons for the different levels of
performance of the students with respect to their individual positions
in the family. Miner (1969) has pointed out that the socio-economic
status of the child was related to the level of achievement attained.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The fundamental question which are considered in this study are -
1. Is there be any significant relationship between birth order and students performance in educational development?
2. Is there be any significant relationship between family size and students performance in school?
3. Is there be any significant relationship between socio-economic status arid students educational development?
4.
Is there be any significant difference in the performance and
educational development of the first child, middle child and the last
child?
1.5 HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY
1. There is no
significant relationship between birth order (first, middle and last
born child) and students educational development.
2. There is no significant relationship between family size and students educational development.
3. There is no significant relationship between socio-economic status of a child family and his educational development.
4. There is no significant difference in the cc of the first child, middle child and the last born
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study take a look at the effect of Birth order on students performance and educational development
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The
research experience some forms of limitation in the process of the
study. The researcher experienced financial constraints which inhibited
the number of contacts that were made at the various destinations and
the number of questionnaires that were provided and administered. There
was also general reluctance to give information and other factors like
accessibility to source of information due to the formal protocols
required by the Principals. Also insufficient availability of Secondary
data poses a constraint to the study. Parents' reluctance to give
information or respond to questionnaires also militated against this
research work. The research is also limited to mainland Local Government
Area of Lagos State. Thus there is a limit to which the result of the
student could be generalized.
1.8 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The
significance of the study lies in the fact that, it would create a sort
of awareness about birth order in education achievement. Obviously, it
would give an insight into the reasons why certain students perform
excellently in social studies than the others. At the long run, the
finding of this study will help educationists, parents and teachers and
the society at large to realize the fact that students'. academic
performance is not based on intelligence alone, neither is it base
solely on the socio-economic back ground of the students nor on family
size. Thus, this study may be useful to-educational planners,
administrators, educational policy makers and other societal issues.
This
will make them to be aware of the fact that apart from Intelligence
Quotient (IQ), attitude of the child and the parents' education and
standard of the school the child attends, others factors such as
socio-economic status of the family, Birth order produces an impact on
the academic performance of students in the school. To the parents, this
study will also be significant in child rearing. Parents tend to
discipline their borns more than their other children and give them more
attention. Bringing out the real picture of the contribution of the
family to the academic performance of the child, thus making the parents
to bear a part of the blame that would normally be on the child alone
for his or her poor performance in school. The school principals will
find study invaluable in that it will help in understanding the child
better so as to know why he or she performs in a particular way.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Nuclear
Family: A family which consists of a man, his wife and children. This
is a smaller family unit living a separate existence in contact with
relatives but not inter-dependent on them.
Extended Family: The
extended family may be a nuclear family or a polygamous family, it
includes, aunts, uncles, cousins, grand parents, wives of sons and their
children as all members of the family.
Polygamous Family: In a
polygamous family a man is legally married to more than one Wife Thus
polygamous family is made up of a man, his wives and their children.
Socio-Economic
Status: This refers to the social and economic position of an
individual can find himself or herself. It is regarded as the most
significant predicting factor responsible for the academic achievement
of students depending on the family.
Environment: This is the
immediate physical surrounding of the child in the physical environment,
there exist forces such as temperature, humidity and pressure which
affect the individual and consequently his learning.
Academic
Performance: It can be defined as the result or out come of a student
during the course of study. It can also be said to be a phenomenon used
to grade the successful out comes of students in particular.
Intelligence
Quotient(IQ) can be said to mean Judgment, good sense, the ability to
comprehend and to reason well and to adapt one self to circumstances.
Home Environment: This is used to refer to the atmospheric nature of an environment of a Family
Family Size: This include the total number of children and parents in an immediate family or extended family.
Birth Order: It is the order of child delivery, the position in which a child comes e.g. first, second and third.
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