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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1THE BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
This study is an attempt to examine the idea of the Leviathan in Thomas Hobbes
political philosophy. Before we discuss his philosophy of society we need to
know what was happening before he came.
There Was the problem of the excessive use of power in the society.One could
rule in as much as he commanded obedience from others by the use of brute power
and force. This led to conflict and self-centeredness among humans.
An attempt to escape from the above crisis led Hobbes to postulate a common
wealth or the state as a platform for organizing human beings or what he called
the Leviathan. The idea of the Leviathan aimed at providing a means by which
men can overcome the disorder in the natural state. The people needed the state
of nature, to fashion a contract, giving all their power to one man who becomes
the sovereign.
From the above, the research question is this; Is the Leviathan construed
either as a ruler or a State able to solve the problem of insecurity,
self-centeredness and the egoism in the nature of man? Will the absolute power
embedded in a Leviathan not lead to tyranny and abuses? These are some of the
issues that this study intends to look into critically.
1.2STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The problem of this study can be put in question form:
Is the Leviathan immune to the egoistic nature of man which he has been chosen
to guard against? Can the chaos and conflict which exists on the state of
nature be eliminated with the institution of the common wealth? How does the
Leviathan intend to tackle the problem of behaviorism and human nature which is
egoistic and self-centered in order to ensure a peaceful human society wherein
people will be law abiding? Will the absolute power embedded in the sovereign
not lead to tyranny, totalitarianism and abuse? This project work tries to tackle
some of these questions.
1.3THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
This work aims at critically analyzing the concept of the Leviathan. It also
attempt to proffer solutions to the problems identified in Hobbes theory. This
work studies Hobbes notion of the society and how human beings can live
together peacefully in a society. We may ask; how can humans evolve a peaceful
system where law and order are properly defined?
1.4THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study is significant in the sense that it emphasizes the wider breath of
Hobbes conception of the leviathan. His intention is to capture all areas of
life with an attempt of reconstructing the society into a better one by
proffering the Leviathan. Effort will be made to review and apply his concept
of the Leviathan in examining the view of human nature as egoistic and
individualistic and how we can evolve a stable and viable society from such a
human nature.
1.5 THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This project work examines critically the concept of the Leviathan in Hobbes
social and political philosophy. It looks into other concepts like the state of
nature which led to the postulation of Leviathan. It advances theory and
knowledge by expanding the view of other social contractarians in order to give
a balanced view of our topic of study.
1.6 METHODOLOGY
This research work uses the method of critical analysis to examine the idea of
the Leviathan in Hobbes. The research tools to be used are archival materials
such as textbooks, encyclopedia and internet sources. By using the critical
method this study seeks to provide a systematic and comprehensive understanding
of the idea of the Leviathan and the extent to which it can be a viable option
for bringing about order, peace and cooperation in the society.
1.7LITERATURE REVIEW
The first book to be reviewed, is Thomas Hobbes Leviathan; by John plamenatz.
He argued that The Leviathan was “chosen or instituted when men do agree and
covenant every one that to whatsoever man or assembly of men shall be given by
the major part the right to present the person of them all, that is to say to
be their representative”.2 The Leviathan ensures them living in peace amongst
themselves and be protected against other men.
The second book to be reviewed, is Elements of Philosophy by Samuel Enoch
Stumpf and Donald C. Abel. Here,the argument is that the civil society created
by the social contract must have power to punish those who transgress the
agreement. Convinced that fear is the greatest motivator, the state must have
sufficient positive power to terrify its citizens into obedience3
The third book to be reviewed is History of Political Thought by Anthony O.
Okoh. Here there is an argument for the provision of an absolute ruler The
Leviathan. He believed that it was only an absolute ruler that could tame the
wicked tendencies which exhibited in the state of nature4.
The fourth book to be reviewed, is Philosophy Made Simple by Richard H.P. Here
it was understood that since sovereignty is created by a covenant or contract,
the subject retains all those natural rights that cannot be transferred by
covenant5 To put it differently, since the subject has entered into the contract
to preserve and protect his life, the subject cannot refuse to obey the
sovereign.
The fifth book to be reviewed ,is Ethics: A Systematic and Historical Study by
Joseph Omoregbe. Here Hobbes argues that men decided to come together and form
an organized society since life was so in secured in the state of nature. They
came together, made a social contract, empowered the sovereign to decide what
should be done and what should not be done in the society.
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