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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
One
of the greatest threats to Education, social, economic, and political
development of any nation is corruption. Therefore, the challenges of
corruption remain a major devastating issue facing Nigeria since the
colonial period, although, this phenomena has become a cankerworm that
has eaten deep into the fabrics of our system. The United Nations Global
Programme against Corruption (GPAC) defines it as “abuse of power for
private gain”. The Transparency International has chosen a clear and
focused definition of the term as “the abuse of entrusted power for
private gain”. It can also be defined as a pervasion or change from the
general accepted rules or laws for selfish gain (Farida, 2010).
The
World Bank however defines corruption as: The abuse of office for
private gains. Public office is abused for private gain when an official
accepts, solicits or extorts a bribe. It is also abused when private
agents actively offer bribes to circumvent public offices and processes
for competitive advantages or profit. In view of the above, Agbu
(2003:3) observed that public office can be abused for personal benefit
even if no bribery occurs, through patronage and nepotism, the theft of
state European Scientific Journal February 2013 edition vol.9, assets,
or the diversion of state resources. Given this development therefore,
corruption connotes any behavior that deviates from an established norm
with regards to public trust. It also means theft of public trust
whether the person concerned is elected, selected, nominated or
appointed and it does not matter whether the person affected holds
office or not since anybody can be corrupt.
The problem of education
emerged from the neglect which the sector suffered from the 1980s
leading to the gradual erosion of the system. Inadequacy of funding,
lack of teaching tools and modern classrooms, poor numerations and the
acute shortage of qualified teachers, have all contributed to the fall
in the standard of education in Nigeria. Westernized Nigerian society
which is a high source or way of distribution to students instead of
studying, students (pupils) spend their time watching television,
playing video games, listening to music channels (Channel O) and the
present calamity face book, hi5, on line media etc. which prevent them
from reading that’s necessary for knowledge acquisition. Lack of
dedication and punctuality to duty by the teachers has contributed to
the fall in the standard of education. The teachers show divided loyalty
to the teaching job; most teachers pay lip-service to their job,
spending more time and energy in other businesses and less time in the
classroom. Parents also share in the blame; most of them simply do not
care about their children’s education. They put all their attention
towards money-making, leaving the children’s guidance and motivation to
the house maids and drivers, as a result, the children’s projects, home
work will not be done, neither will they be reminded to study at home.
Some children derail and drop out. Government is largely responsible for
the falling standard of education; they change policies concerning
education so frequently, leaving both teachers and students confused.
They also do not equip classroom and laboratories appropriately to make
for effective learning.
Corrupt officers who misuse institutions’
money/funds go unpunished. Exam malpractice which is one of the major
causes of falling standard of education has not been tackled by the
government. Look at the TSS issue, frequent strikes and the present
universities’ school fees increase. To gauge the seriousness of a
society, especially its seriousness about attaining national development
goals, we need to appraise the nation’s educational system. Can we
harvest the critical/creative minds necessary to manage the democratic
process if we do not invest in human capital development? Or compete in
the globalized world of the twenty fifth century; if a nation does not
face its education development seriously, then there is a lot that is
wrong with such society. To revive the educational sector in order to
help in building the individuals to be able to assist the process of
developing the society, government should make sure our schools are
equipped with functional libraries and laboratories, with classrooms
having modern instructional technologies; computers connected to the
internet, projectors audio-visual and video conferencing equipment etc.
Teachers
cannot perform miracles without the necessary teaching aids (tools).
Primary and secondary schools, which are the foundation of education
should be properly built, funded and adequately staffed. It is also the
duty of the healthy learning environment which also aids the teaching
and learning interaction. That is why the United Nations benchmark is
that countries must put 26% of their budgets into education. If the
government provides or educates its citizens through functional
education then the people will take their right places in the social,
political, economic and even religious life endeavors so we can reach
great heights and be among the first twenty countries by 2020.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The
problem of education emerged from the neglect which the sector suffered
from the 1980s leading to the gradual erosion of the system. Inadequacy
of funding, lack of teaching tools and modern classrooms, poor
numerations and the acute shortage of qualified teachers, have all
contributed to the fall in the standard of education in Nigeria. One of
the greatest threats to Education, social, economic, and political
development of any nation is corruption. Therefore, the challenges of
corruption remain a major devastating issue facing Nigeria since the
colonial period, although, this phenomena has become a cankerworm that
has eaten deep into the fabrics of our system.
The United Nations
Global Programme against Corruption (GPAC) defines it as “abuse of power
for private gain”. The Transparency International has chosen a clear
and focused definition of the term as “the abuse of entrusted power for
private gain”. It can also be defined as a pervasion or change from the
general accepted rules or laws for selfish gain (Farida, 2010).Therefore
it is disheartening to note the many funds which were budgeted and
allocated for the development of the Educational sector have been
diverted for selfish personal gains. The problem confronting this
research therefore is to appraise how corruption has contributed to the
fall of the standard of education of in Nigeria.
1.3 Objective of the Study
1. To determine the nature of corruption in Nigeria.
2. To determine the nature of the falling standard of education in Nigeria.
3. To determine the effect of corruption on the falling standard of Education in Nigeria.
1.4 Research Questions
1. What is the nature of the falling standard of education in Nigeria?
2. What is the nature of corruption in Nigeria?
3. What is the effect of corruption on the falling standard of Education in Nigeria?
1.5 Significance of the Study
The
study shall proffer a detail appraisal of the nature of corruption in
Nigeria. The study shall appraise the falling standard of Education in
Nigeria and seek to determine the effect of corruption on the falling
standard of Education in Nigeria. The study shall provide significant
information for experts in the Educational sector.
1.6 Statement of Hypothesis
1. Ho: The Educational Standard in Nigeria is low.
Hi: The Educational Standard in Nigeria is high.
2. Ho: The level of corruption in Nigeria is low.
Hi: The level of corruption in Nigeria is high
3. Ho: The effect of corruption on the Educational standard in Nigeria is low
Hi: The effect of corruption on the Educational standard in Nigeria is high
1.7 Scope of the Study
The study is focused on the appraisal of how corruption has contributed to the fall of the standard of Education in Nigeria.
1.8 Definition of Terms
EDUCATION DEFINED
Osindeinde
(1999) stated that education is an organized and sustained
communication designed to bring about learning which involves the
acquisition of basic and necessary skills, knowledge and competence by
the learner to change his/her attitude positively towards contributing
to the national economic development.
STANDARD OF EDUCATION DEFINED
Teachers
without Boarders (2006) reported that the standard of education is how
the products of schools can be measured in terms of outcome. That is, a
measure of how school leavers contribute to the society in terms of
cognitive, affective and psychomotor. This is in terms of skills,
knowledge and right attitude acquired by graduates the country produces.
When the standard is low, half-baked graduates are produced. These
graduates go into the market with less than knowledge and less skills
and often with dubious attitudes
CORRUPTION DEFINED
The World
Bank however defines corruption as: The abuse of office for private
gains. Public office is abused for private gain when an official
accepts, solicits or extorts a bribe. It is also abused when private
agents actively offer bribes to circumvent public offices and processes
for competitive advantages or profit.
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