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ABSTRACT
This work was done to analyze the impact of public
spending on poverty eradication in Nigeria from (1980-2011). In this
research work, multiple regression analysis was used and five variables
were used in the empirical analysis. They are government expenditure on
agriculture and water resources (AGWR), health (HTH) education (EDU)
transportation and communication (TRCM) and Housing and environment. The
data used in this research was collected from secondary data obtained
from National Bureau of Statistics (2008) (MBS), and CBN statistical
bulletin. The major findings shows that government expenditure on
health, education and transport and communication are insignificant and a
unit increase of government expenditure in these sectors will reduce
poverty level. While that of agriculture and water resources, and
housing and environment are significant and a unit increase will
increase poverty level. Recommendation were proffered based on the
findings of this research. That the government at all level should
ensure that its expenditure are channeled towards projects that will
reduce poverty level in Nigeria.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Public spending
represents the annual expenditure by the federal government to achieve
some macro-economic objectives which may include poverty reduction,
increase in national productivity and macro-economic stability in the
system.
Since the late 1980’s, an increase in public spending has
become a major instrument in Nigeria. This was attributed to the
following reasons as the major causes of an increase in government
expenditure in Nigeria. First is the dominant role of public sector in
major economic activities in Nigeria. This could be attributed to
several factors among them are oil boom of the early 1970’s, the need
for reconstruction of war affected areas after Nigerian civil war in
1970, the industrialization strategy adopted at that time by the federal
government (import substitution strategy) and the need to raise gross
domestic product (GDP).
On the other hand, the collapse of oil prices
in and general mismanagement of the economy in 1980’s brought the issue
of poverty eradication in Nigeria. Furthermore, the recent flood
disaster in Nigeria has re-awakened the fight against poverty in
Nigeria. In the mid 1980s, it was observed that the private sectors were
declining in economic activities as measured by aggregate output,
industrial production, non oil exports etc. were all showing
decreasing
signs. Above all, there widespread evidence of massive poverty in the
economy despite of the growing public expenditure and fiscal deficit in
the economy (library of congress country studies 1980’s).
In 1986,
all major socio-economic indicators were showing downwards which brought
high rate of unemployment and decreased in purchasing power. Poverty
was spending among Nigerians especially the low income earners and
economic growth was downward sloping.
Poverty in Nigeria did not
become an issue of great concern until after the oil boom when the
international oil price crashed and there was an international economic
slump. The continuous downward trend in the oil prices in the
international market increased the poverty level in Nigeria. The
over-dependency on oil revenue and inadequate efforts to mobilize funds
from non oil sources led to a serious decline in government revenue.
External reserve deteriorated, and cause huge accumulated trade arrears
and thereby limiting government effort in provision of basic amenities
and social facilities.
Thus the poverty level in Nigeria continues to
be on the increased over the past few decades. The 1991 world
development report (WDR) showed that Nigeria the most populous country
in Africa has a significant number of her population categorized as poor
people.
In recognition of the adverse effect of poverty in Nigeria,
federal government set up Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) to reduce
over dependency on oil and to provide food to all Nigerians. This had
been followed by the introduction of other policies such as national
FADAMA programs. Furthermore, the federal government made poverty
reduction the core objectives of its annual budget and also initiated
various policies measures aimed at promoting people’s welfare and
reducing poverty in the economy.
Poverty become an issue of global
dimension with nations striving either to reduce or outright poverty in
there economy. The complexity of the phenomenon and its impacts on
national economics has attracted the attention of international
organizations and agencies with government in different nations
embarking on policies aimed at reducing poverty. Consequently, Nigerian
fiscal policies especially as regard expenses in the areas that have
positive impact on the well being of the poor, have progressively being
on the increase over the years. Recently, the Imo State government took a
bold step towards poverty reduction by introducing free education to
all the indigenes of the state up to the tertiary level.
Finally, the extent to which government spending have impacted on the well being of the people prompted this study.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
In Nigeria, poverty has been on the
increase which can be attributed to inequality existing in the economy
such as corruption, macro-economic instability and inconsistency in
government policies. In an ordinary framework, poverty is concern with
absolute, modulate or relatively standard of living or inability to
attain a minimal standard of living. Poverty is found to be at the worst
in the rural areas. Which is characterized by malnutrition lack of
standard education, low life expectancy and sub-standard housing? In
attempt to alleviate these problems, three actors are observed in the
literature as being involved in any giving country. Namely; the three
ties of government (federal, state and local government), international
organizations and nongovernmental organizations (NGO’s).
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION
i To what extent has public expenditure affected the levels of poverty and economic growth in Nigeria?
ii What is the direction of relationship between public expenditure and poverty reduction in Nigeria?
1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
In the context of this study, the following objectives will be achieved.
i To evaluate the impact of public expenditure on poverty reduction in Nigeria
ii To determine the direction of relationship between public expenditure and poverty alleviation in Nigeria.
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHENSIS
Ho: Public expenditure has no impact poverty reduction in Nigeria
Ho: There is no direction of relationship between public expenditure and poverty reduction in Nigeria.
1.7 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY
A research to investigate the impact
and relationship between public expenditure and poverty reduction in
Nigeria occupies an important detail which cannot be over-emphasized.
The parastatas responsible for poverty reduction in Nigeria will find
this study useful as it will unveil the current poverty profile and
better strategies to alleviate them.
In the other hand, the federal
government will benefit from this because it will help them to channel
public fund on the economy judiciously.
Finally, the rural dwellers
whose represent gross poverty in Nigeria remains the most beneficiaries
of this study because it will help government to make policies that will
promote their standard of living.
1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This study is limited to
analyze the impact of public expenditure and poverty reduction in
Nigeria from 1980-2011. The choice of this period based on the economic
history. The 1980s witnessed a radical change in Nigerian economy, which
led to the introduction of structural adjustment program (SAP). It also
the period when the standard of living index fell, was resulting in
further rise in the incidence of poverty.
Furthermore, looking at how
government expenditure helps in reducing of poverty, not all sectors of
the economy were used. The sectors are those that have direct impact on
people’s welfare, which include agriculture and water resources,
health, housing and environment, education, transportation and
communication.
This research work suffered some limitations because
research in economics has never been easy with the researchers. In most
cases the researcher is threaten to a number of factors such as; the
mobility of involve in this research was stressful; the time required to
carry out this research was highly limited as the researcher required
time for other academic activities.
Finally, despite of the above problems encounted, by the special grace of God, the objective of this study will be achieved.
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