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Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Organization Of Work
Table Of Contents
Chapter One
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background Of The Study
1.2 Statement Of Problem
1.3 Purpose Of Study
1.4 Aims And Objectives’
1.5 Scope Of Study
1.6 Significance Of The Study
1.7 Limitations Of The Study
1.8 Definition Of Terms
Chapter Two
2.0 Literature Review
Chapter Three
3.0 Description And Analysis Of The Present System
3.1 Historical Background
3.2 Method Of Data Collection Used
3.3 Input Analysis
3.4 Process Analysis
3.5 Output Process
3.6 Problems Of The Current System
Chapter Four
4.0 Design And Implementation Of The Computerized System
4.1 Design Objective
4.2 Design Standards
4.3 Output Specification And Design
4.4 Input Specification And Design
4.5 Procedure Design Of New System
4.6 System Requirement
Chapter Five
5.0 System Documentation
5.1 Program Description
5.2 User’s Guide
Chapter Six
6.0 Summary
6.1 Conclusion
Bibliography
BACKGROUND OF STUDY
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Health is generally said to be wealth. To acquire this wealth
either for personal or national needs, one require to be healthy hence
the need for adequate Medicare especially in the area of diagnosis.
Since there is a good relationship between the job output and the health
of the workers, a good Medicare is vital.
Unfortunately, in most developing notions including Nigeria, adequate Medicare is lacking due to low standard of technologies know how and manual handling of most medical problem. As observed by Iyiama H.C and Chukwu. D. C. very often, people in developing countries who are critically ill are rushed abroad for special treatment because it is felt that medical facilities at home is inadequate. This is simply because at home is inadequate. This is simply because computer aided Medicare has become a reality in many developed countries. It is also a known fact that the production of qualified medical doctors, medical lab. Scientists and other medical personnel is on the increase but this is not enough to meet the health needs of the increasing population. The return of patients to a doctors, samples to lab scientist is still high. This situation creates problem, because proper and adequate medical attention to patients is far fetched.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
It has been observed that to receive medical treatment in most
of our hospitals (or private laboratories) the patients queue up for
several hours from one unit of the hospital to another. Starting from
obtaining a new hospital folder or retrieving an old one before
consulting a doctor to the laboratory unit far laboratory test than to
the pharmacy to get the prescribed drugs and so on, with the manual
processes involved in handling the patient most of them waste whole day
in the hospital. This situation discouraging to most patients and
sometimes force them to turn to non professionals or even resort to self
medication for quick recovery.
Due to the number of patients, who need the attention of the doctor, the doctors medical lab-scientist hurries over his work without adequate attention and expertise. Still at the end of the day he (is exhausted.
In addition to this, the diagnosis and prescription depends on the doctor’s memory their brains are often loaded with different diseases, signs, systems and various drugs far third treatment. Some of which are very similar. To remember and process threes huge information in his clinical work is very asking for this reason accurate and urgent diagnosis and subsequent drug prescription may not always be obtained.
The keeping and retrieval of accurate records an patients are poorly carried out in most of our hospitals. Files may be misplaced the record in them might be wrongly filled.
Finally the keeping of folder for each patient manually takes a lot of time and money. Some of the information are redundant. All these have not effect on loss of lines and inefficiency on the part of management.
1.3 PURPOSE OF STUDY
Purposely, this work is designed at minimizing the time patients
have to wait to get adequate medical attention. This delay usually
pushes them into patronizing non-professionals.
It will also help to reduce the work load which the doctor usually has to show especially where they are few in number. It will allow easy assessment of the previous clinical history of the patient in the shortest possible time.
It will also allow easy analysis of a medical laboratory result. Hence there is need far a system. That will achieve all these, designing a software far laboratory result analysis.
1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
This study is centered on the following objectives:
i. To examine the current procedure employed in our hematological laboratories with regards to diagnosis.
ii. To examine the associated problem(s) in the current system.
iii. To improved or the already existing system by designing an
efficient computer coded medical diagnosis aimed at an accurate, faster
and reliable diagnosis therapy.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Due to the fact that it is difficult to develop a computer based
system for diagnosing all disease at a time; financing and time
constraints, this research is limited to medical diagnosis of sickle
cell disease and erythrocytes festive.
This study will also improve method(s) of diagnosis especially
the patient history, physical examinations and request for clinical
laboratory test it the patient did not go directly to the medical lab
scientists.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The aim of this study is not to replace medical doctors medical
laboratory scientist but to assist them in accelerating in their
diagnostic work; which will go a long way to eliminate the trial and
error method of treatment (which the doctors usually do while waiting
for the lab, result which could be detrimental to the patient.
This work will also help both the lab scientist and doctors overcome mental stress and constancy of being overworked.
Furthermore, this research will educate our lab scientist / doctors on the need to accumulate salient aspects of the medical know-how of even the most experienced specialist, in the computer. So as to eliminate the vacuum that would be created when specialist dies or is incapacitated by old age.
1.7 LIMITATIONS TO THE STUDY
It has been observed that the computerization of the procedures
of hematological laboratory analysis is a difficult if not an impossible
one. We then have to accept that complete computerization of any
branch of the medical laboratory will still take scientists some more
year.
Therefore, this work will be centered mainly on the computerization of the patient’s classical data and result documentation rather than the procedure involved in obtaining the results.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
ANAMIA:- This is the most common of hematological disorder and
is characterized by a multiplication of conditions which can be
complicated and confusing.
This is defined as a reduction in the peripheral in the shepherdess blood which is below normal for the age and sex of the patient. Anemia must also relate to the level of hemoglobin the individual normally possessed for instance if an adult maintains hemoglobin of 160g/l and over a period of days is noted to have decreased to 140gil. This must be considered significant even though both values are within the normal range of an adult male.
2. Hemoglobin – This is the most important agent on the red cell. This, like its quarter brother hemoglobin of muscle, the ctyochrome, peroxides and catalyses enzymes, is a hemoprotein. The protein part, known as globins, is colorless and consists of far peptide chains arranged in hops. The hemoglobin molecule has the heme group surrounded by two pairs of polypeptide chains, normal adult hemoglobin has the pairs of chains alpha and data. The alpha chain has 141 amino acids in a strict sequence commencing at valine and ending with arginine. The beta chain has 146 amino acids also starting with value but ends at histidene. In the adult there as also a small amount of fetal hemoglobin. (HBF) in which the two beda chains are replaced by gumma chains.
HC – HC HC = = = HC
11 11 1 1
HC - - - HC HC = HC C - - - - CH
N
Iron prophysin nucleus. For of such heme group are present in each hemoglobin molecule, united to the protein globin.
3. sickle cell anemia (HBS Sickle cell disease). This is
another hemoglobinopathy commonly seen in North amesica. It is
inherited as a mendelian dominail.
Although is inherited in a dominest
pattern. It can be considered as a recessive characteristic in that it
requires a homozygous to produce clinically evident dymptins; parental
carriers are asymptomatic. The abnormality of the hemoglobin has been
located at the beta cahin, where in the 6th position, glutangl is
replaceding a valyle residue. The hamozygote produces a characteristic
sickle cells when the oxygen tension of the blood falls. The sickling
is caused by the low reduced state, with the production of semi
cryslavine bodies (factoids) which distort and elongate the cells to
produce the deformity. Sickle cell may also block small vessels and
capillasies, promoting further reduction of oxygen tension and producing
a vicious circle.
NORMAL RED SICKLE CELL (hdf moon)
Fig 1-2 the outcome of the foetal genotype when both parents are sickle cell carriers.
The outcome of the foetal genotype when one parent is a carrier and the other a sickle.
Fig 1-4 the outcome of the foetal genotype when both parents have the sickle cell carriers disease.
Fig 1-5 the possible outcome of foetal genotype when s/c genes are combined.
Fig 1-6 shows that gene c is same in pothdogy as s.
4. Agglutination
the furdatmental and most commonly used reaction in the
immunohemotology laboratory to demonstrate the interactian of antigen
and antibody is the phenomenon of agglutinatian. By board definition
agtglitinatination is simply the clumping of cell into aggregates often
as a result of the combination of an antibody’s binding site with
antigen site of adjacent red cells. Certain red cell antibodies will
agglutinate cell suspended in sdine (ie simply by bringing the two
components antigen and antibody together in a test tube and allowing a
period of time for the reaclian to take place at room temperature or by
hastering the reaction by immediate centicitugatian). These antibodies
are known as saline active (complete) antibodies. Other red cells
antibodies do not agglutinate in a saline medium but require the
presence of a potentially medium in order to allow clumping to occur
subsequent to sensitization. These antibodies are sometimes called
saline non-active (in complete antibodies. Complete antibodies are more
often igra while they of incomplete are usually igci and igA with some
execeptians.
The demonstatian of red cell aglutintian for erythoropoiesis foetalis (hemolyte disease of the newborn HDN).
HDN is a disease that starts in uterous and causes jaundice,
anaemia aid hepatosphlenomegaly in the infant. The degree of sevesity
of the disease ranges from mild anemia to mental retardation, brain
damages, still birth.
The disease is caused by blood group incompatibility between the
mother and the foetus. ABO and Rh antibodies especially anti-Rho (D) a
most commonly implicated as the cause of the cause of hemolytic disease
of the new born blood group antibodies seldom cause the disease although
any iga antibody can be responsible far it because of the ability of
the iga mediated antibodies to cross the placental barriers from mother
to infant.
MECHANISMS OF SENTIZATION IN HEMOLYTIC
DISEASE OF THE NEW BORN.
When hemolytic disease of the new born results from anti Rho(D),
the mother is RHO(D) negative and the infant is Rho D positive (the Rho
(D) factor in the infant having been inhesited from the father).
The first Rh incompartible foctus is usually unaffected. Since
the number of fetal red cell that cross the plecenta into the material
circultetion during the pregrancy (after the 24th week of gestation) is
usually small and insufficient to cause antibody production. In addition
to this, elevated steroid levels and other factors associated with
pregnancy may suppress the mothers primar immune response.
At delivery, a tranplacental hemorrhage is not uncommon, the
amount of fetal blood entering the matern-1 circulation varying from
less than imi or 10m1 or more. The total red cells simulate the
production of anti-Rho(D) in about 7 percent of these Rho(D) negative in
mothers, the antibody appearis in the mother’s serum within months
after delivery.
When pregnancy with a second Rho(D) positive foetus occurs, fetal red cell crossing the placenta from about the 24th week of gestation stimulate the existing antibody to high liters.
This is a secondary response, and therefore small amount of red
cells are capable of causing drastic increase in the material antibody.
The anti-Rho(D) formed is iga and it is therefore capable of
crossing the placenta into circulation, where it combines fetal Rho(D)
positive red cells, leading to their destruction.
In ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn.
The mechanisms of hemolytic disease of the newborn is caused by
ABO incompatibility are similar to those of Rh incompartibility (i.e the
passage of fetal red cells into the maternal circulation provokes an
immune response in the newborn). However, the ABO form can and often
does occur in the first pregnancy, since anti-A, B in group O subject is
often partly iga the mother is invaluably group O. (anti-A and Anti-B
in group and A subjects, respectively, is usually I gm.
The ABO form of the disease is rarely severe, although mild
forms are common than the Rh formed the ABO form of the disease is
between five and six times more common in blacks than in whites.
Antigen – it is difficult to define an antigen rather than
describing it as a substance that when injected in an animal recognized
as foreign and of given access to immunologically competent cells, will
provoke an immune reaction.
Antibody, they are produced by immune competent cells in
response to antigenic stimuli. Antibodies are serum proteins and
together they are generally considered as immunoglobulins.
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