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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Of The Study
Almost all information stored in a computer must be in a file. Each
document is stored in the computer individually by name in what is
called a FILE. A file is a collection of letters, numbers and special
characters. It may be a program, a database, a desertion, a reading
list, a simple letter etc, there are many different types of files; data
files, text files, program files, directory files and so on. Different
types of file stores different types of information. For example program
file stores programs where as text files store text.
In today’s information age, where every success is dependent on fast
storage, access control and retrieval of information. Computer file and
filing techniques have gained more attention. Files in a programming
sense are not really very different from other forms of file or other
application. The biggest difference are that in a program you access the
file sequentially (you read one line at a time starting at the
beginning) and also when you can write by creating a new file from
scratch (or over writing an existing one) or by appending to an existing
one.
Different programming languages have different approach or method of
creating, editing and updating files when it comes to file sharing and
access control. The structure of a file is known to the software that
manipulates it. For example database files are made up of series of
records, word processing files contains flow of text. Except for ASCII
text files which contain only raw text other files have proprietary
structures. Formatting and other type of information are contained in
headers or interspersed throughout the file. Most file sharing and
access is carried out in storage devices like magnetic disk, flash
drives and hand disks. Optical disks are also available and it is
usually faster to access. Software manufacturers store their software’s
for sale on optical disks because they are essentially preferred for
applicants requiring large volumes of reference data.
There are still significant amount of file processing carried out using
file stored on magnetic tape but it is often done on mainframes computer
in a large commercial industry or financial institutions. Magnet tape
continues to be a back up medium, especially in it cartridge forms. When
using files, the entry of data is separated from processing of data.
Hence a file can be created at one time and processed or use at a later
time. In fact a file is designed to store data which can be processed
further.
1.2 Statement Of The Problem
There has been a constant quest by man since creation to improve on the
quality of his life and existence, this ever increasing quest has been
necessitated and propelled by the simple need for man to address the
challenges posed b his environment. Some of the challenges associated
with manual file sharing and access includes inability to effectively
handle data files, poor indexing, congestion of the file cabinet,
difficulty in accessing and locating of files, it causes drawback to
administrative activities, inconsistency, unable to update records,
misplacement of file due to transfer from one office to another, delay
in processing of data etc.
1.3 Objective Of The Study
The primary objective of this study is to design and implement a
computerized system for file sharing and access control system. This
will help greatly to eradicate the inherent problems encountered by the
administrative. It will also promote and protect the confidentiality,
integrity and availability of information and resources.
1.4 Significance Of The Study
The importance of this research work is based o the following:
1. It will help to solve the problem faced by administrative department
2. To reduce the workload or piled of files in the administrative sector
3. It will prevent file loss on transit
4. This research work will equally be valuable for students who may
carryout similar research in related field for reference purposes.
This will also assist other organization and system designers to completely design a computerized system with very little human effort on keeping of files which will in turn make for efficiency, smooth and better performance of administrative activities.
1.5 Scope Of The Study
The main objective of this study is to identify a better way of
designing and implementing a computerized file sharing and access
control system that will totally reduce the problems faced by the
existing system. The study is narrowed down to exams and records of the
Houdegbe North American University for the computation of student
database. It was the range of perception or understanding which gave
rise to the action taken in implementing the desired program, designed
to handle pools of files and student’s database file. This will help in
the effective and efficient tracking of information on student’s
database as well as monitoring the administrative activities.
1.6 Limitations Of The Study
A number of factors militated against this project which poses some difficulties, they are as follows;
1. Unwillingness of the respondent to release basic and necessary facts.
2. Cost of sourcing of information from relevant journals, materials,
Internet and respondents at the administrative area is exorbitant
3. Insufficient material at the school library has also militated on the
progress of this research as most of the books in the library are
irrelevant to this study.
4. The stress of combining lectures and research work has not being easy on my own part.
1.7 Definition Of Terms
FILE: A file is a package of information with a name attached to it, it
provides static methods for the creation, copying, deletion, moving and
opening of files and aids in the creation of file stream objects.
DATA: This is a name given to basic or raw facts and figures that are processed in to information
SYSTEM.IO NAMESPACE: This contains types that allow synchronous and asynchrous reading and writing to files and data streams and types than provide basic file and directory supports.
COMPUTER: This is a device that works under the control of stored programs, automatically accepting, storing and processing of data to produce information which is the result of that processing.
ENTITY: This is anything about which data can be stored.
DATABASE: This is a single organized collection of structured data stored with a minimum of duplication of data items so as to provide a consistent and control of pool of data.
SYSTEM: here, it means a computer system that is aimed or designed to provide efficient means of information storage and retrieval of data files.
PROGRAM: This is a set of instructions that is written in the language of the computer.
INFORMATION: this is a fact about something and it also a data that has been converted into a more useful or intelligent form for decision making.
STUDENT: This is a person who is studying at a university, college or polytechnic.
RECORD: This is a written account of something that is kept so that it can be looked at and used in the future.
CREDENTIAL: This is an electronic representation of your identity; it links an individual to a technology such as personal identification numbers, usernames and passwords.
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