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Abstract
The study assessed the physicochemical parameters of the water and concentrations of
Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn in the water, sediments and organs (bones, brain and flesh) of
Clarias gariepinus, Oreochromis niloticus and Synodontis nigrita obtained from River
Niger, River Benue (close to their confluence) and after the confluence point at Lokoja,
Nigeria during the months of March, June, September and December 2013. By using
standard procedures, the chemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, turbidity,
biological oxygen demand, total dissolved solids, total hardness, conductivity and pH of
the water were determined. The ranges of these parameters were 98.25 - 141.73 mg/L,
2.26 - 14.39 mg/L, 5.33 - 23.13 NTU, 5.56 - 15.59 mg/L, 457.91 - 781 mg/L, 48.85 -
245.83 mg/L, 65.61 - 233.39 µs/cm and 6.77 - 8.07 respectively. All the parameters were
above the acceptable limits set by World Health Organisation (WHO), except pH. The
concentrations (mg/L) of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn in the water samples were in the
range of 0.0082 - 0.0276, 0.0042 - 0.0279, 0.0480 - 0.1391, 0.0979 - 1.8037, 0.0003 -
0.0047 and 0.7671 - 2.8510 respectively. Only Pb and Zn were in levels within the
permissible limit set by WHO and the concentrations recorded between the rivers and
across sampling periods were significantly different. The concentrations of Cd, Co, Cr,
Cu, Pb and Zn in the sediments were in the range of 0.2026 - 2.0203, 2.1567 - 20.5421,
13.1767 - 33.0976, 7.0832 - 23.4040, 0.1054 - 2.5593 and 12.9263 - 32.8418 mg/kg
respectively. The mean concentration of Cd in the sediment was above the ISQG (Interim
Freshwater Standard Quality Guidelines) limit of 0.6000 mg/kg. The pollution load index
for the heavy metals indicates low to moderate pollution state of the sediments while the
geoaccumulation index for Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn also suggest low to moderate
vi
pollution of the sediments by Cd, Co and Cr. The organs of the three fish species bio-
accumulate Cd, Co, Cr, Cu and Pb above their respective permissible limit. The bone
accumulated the metals more than the brain and the level was least in the flesh for all the
metals. However, Zn was below the acceptable limit in all the species and organs. Cd and
Pb accumulate more in O. niloticus followed by C. gariepinus and least in S. nigrita.
Generally, the parameters for the water samples obtained in March 2013 were the
highest. The results indicate pollution of the rivers, so enforcement of environmental laws
that will minimize anthropogenic activities is imperative.
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