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ABSTRACT
Activated tamarind kernel powderwas prepared from tamarind seed(Tamarindus indica);and
utilized for the removal of Acid Red 1, Reactive Orange 20 and Reactive blue 29 dyes from their
aqueous solutions. The powder was activated using 4M nitric acid (HNO3). The effect of various
parameters which include; pH, adsorbent dosage, ion concentration, and contact time were
studied to identify the adsorption capacity of the activated tamarind kernel powder under the
above conditions. The percentage of dye adsorbed is seen to be dependent on these factors. The
result obtained indicated that the adsorption of Acid Red 1 (AR1), Reactive Orange 20 (RO20)
and Reactive Blue 29 (RB29) decreased with increase in initial concentration but increased with
increase in temperature. At equilibrium, all three dyes showed highest dye uptake at initial dye
concentration of 20 mg/l, pH 2, adsorbent dose of 1.0 g, and at a contact time range of 80-100
min. The Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin Radushkevichisotherm models measured
at a temperature range of 298-328K are fitted into the graphs. The Temkin isotherm model is
best-fitted into the experimental data with R2 values ranging between 0.913-0.987 for Acid Red
1, 0.865-0.969 for Reactive Orange 20 and 0.942-0.992 for Reactive Blue 29. The next in line for
best fitting is the Langmuir isotherm with R2 values ranging between 0.859-0.995 for Acid Red 1
dye, 0.825-0.974 for Reactive Orange 20 and 0.971-0.989 for Reactive Blue 29. This is followed
by Dubinin Radushkevich isotherm with R2 values ranging between 0.931-0.974 for Acid Red 1,
0.923-0.989 for Reactive Orange 20 and 0.789-0.923 for Reactive Blue 29. Lastly is the
Freundlich isotherm with R2 values ranging between 0.803-0.931 for Acid Red 1, 0.856-0.964
for Reactive Orange 20 and 0.982-0.995 for Reactive Blue 29. The pseudo-first order and
pseudo-second order kinetic models were also fitted into the graphs, but pseudo-second order
was best fitted into the experimental data. The thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy,
entropy, and free energy which were determined using the Van‘t Hoff equations were found to
vi
provide the clues necessary to predict the nature of the adsorption process. The values of the
activation energy (EA) obtained indicated that the adsorption of AR1, RO20 and RB29 on
activated tamarind kernel powder (ATKP) is a physical process.The negative free energy (ΔG)
indicatedthat the adsorption process is feasible and spontaneous, the negative enthalpy (ΔH)
indicatedthat the reaction is exothermic in nature and the negative entropy (ΔS) indicated that
there is decreased randomness at the solid/solution interphase during the adsorption process. The
chemical functional groups of the ATKP adsorbent were studied by Fourier Transform Infrared
(FTIR) spectroscopy which helped in the identification of possible adsorption sites on the
adsorbent surface. Characterization of the activated tamarind kernel powder which was carried
out using standard methods, showed that the values of the parameters of interest such as moisture
and dry matter content, ash content, pH and bulk density; fall within acceptable range. Therefore,
activated tamarind kernel powder has proven to be a very good adsorbent for the removal of acid
dyes and reactive dyes.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study
Environmental pollution control is said to be amatter of utmost concern in many countries.
However, air and water pollution constitute the major environmental pollution in several
countries. Consequently, open burning leads to air pollution, while industrial effluent and
domestic sewage leads to water pollution. Water pollution results to bad effects on public
water supplies which can cause health problem, while air pollution can cause lung diseases,
burning eyes, cough, and chest tightness. The environmental issues surrounding the presence
of colour in effluent is a continuous problem for dye stuff manufacturers, dyers, finishers, and
water companies (Kesari etal., 2011).
The contaminants such as dyes, heavy metal, cyanide, toxic organics, nitrogen, phosphorus,
phenols, suspended solids, colour, and turbidity from industries and untreated sewage sludge
from domestics, are becoming of great concern to the environmental and public health.
Therefore, the treatment of these pollutants is very important (Cheremisinoff, 1993).
Residual dyes from different sources (e.g., textile industries, paper and pulp industries, dye
and dye intermediates industries, pharmaceutical industries, tannery, and Kraft bleaching
industries and others) are considered a wide variety of organic pollutants introduced into the
natural water resources or wastewater treatment systems. One of the main sources with severe
pollution problems worldwide is the textile industry and its dye-containing wastewaters (i.e.
10,000 different textile dyes with an estimated annual production of 7.105 metric tonnes are
commercially available worldwide; 30% of these dyes are used in excess of 1,000 tonnes per
annum, and 90% of the textile products are used at the level of 100 tonnes per annum or less)
(Baban et al., 2010; Robinson et al., 2001; Soloman et al., 2009). About 10-25% of textile
dyes are lost during the dyeing process, and 2-20% is directly discharged as aqueous effluents
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