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ABSTRACT
The presence and bioaccumulation pattern of some heavy metal concentrations in wild and
farmed African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) muscles collected from selected
rivers and fish farms in Kaduna State, Nigeria, were assessed. Fish and water samples used for
the assessment were collected during the wet and dry seasons from River Kaduna, River
Galma in Zaria; and from two fish farms in Sabon Tasha, Kaduna and Dakace, Zaria. Physico-
chemical parameters, such as Puissance Hydrogen (pH), temperature, Turbidity etc., were also
analysed. The analyses of heavy metals, Iron (Fe), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Cadmium (Cd) and
Mercury (Hg), in all water and Clarias gariepinus muscle samples was carried out in the
Multi-User Science Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello
University, Zaria, using Thermo-element Solar S4 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
(AAS), while the Varian Generation Accessory (VGA 77) with closed end cell was used for
Hg determination. The results obtained were subjected to t-test analysis to determine the level
of significance (p < 0.05) between the means, while Pearson correlation coefficient was
employed to determine the relationships. pH was highest in River Kaduna during the wet
season, in the upstream (7.04), while there was a dip in the downstream (6.67) during the dry
season. Seasonal variations in temperature were evident, as the ranges obtained in the rivers
were from 27.03°C – 30.68°C and the farms ranged from 23.76°C – 27.42°C, which were
within World Health Organization (WHO) recommended threshold (30°C – 36°C). Dissolved
Oxygen (DO) varied widely in the rivers (5.11mg/l – 7.04mg/l) as well as in the farms
(9.29mg/l – 10.74mg/l). Total dissolved solids (TDS)obtained in this study were all very high
(Rivers: 54.91mg/l – 82.09mg/l, Farms: 28.43mg/l – 42.03mg/l), but were all lower than the
WHO standardindicativeofportability (1000 – 1600mg/l). Heavy metal concentrations in
water samples and heavy metal bio-accumulation in both wild and farmed C. gariepinus
muscles showed irregular distributions with descending order of:Fe >Pb>Hg>Ni > Cd. Fe
vii
levels were the highest in both rivers water samples (3.23mg/l), closely followed by Pb (0.78)
and Hg (0.69mg/l), while the farms also had Fe as the dominant element (1.31mg/l), with Pb
(0.26mg/l) and Hg (0.09mg/l), respectively. Both water bodies had Ni concentration (0.2mg/l)
higher than the WHO limits of 0.02mg/l, while the farms‟ concentration (0.03mg/l) was
slightly higher than WHO threshold limit. In the muscle of C. gariepinus, Fe concentrations
were also high in rivers (3.53mg/kg), while the Farms was 1.44mg/kg, all above the FAO
recommended limit (0.5mg/kg) in fish. Generally, only Cd didnot exceed the maximum
permissible limits in the tissues ofC. gariepinus. However, with Fe, Hg, Pb and Ni all higher
than the acceptable limits, most especially in the rivers, this could pose a serioushealth risk to
consumers. Thus, a close periodical and regular monitoring of heavy metal pollution in the
water bodies is strongly advocated.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
In recent years the concentrations of toxic metals in many ecosystems are reaching
unprecedented levels. The increasing use of metals in industry and mining activities have led
to serious environmental pollution through effluents and emanations (Güven et al., 1999).
Under certain environmental conditions, heavy metals may accumulate and cause serious
ecological damage. The aquatic ecosystem is often seen as the ultimate recipient of almost
everything including heavy metals (Ogoyi et al., 2011). Pollution of heavy metals in aquatic
environment is a growing problem worldwide and currently it has reached an alarming rate.
There are various sources of heavy metals; some originates from anthropogenic activities like
draining of sewage, dumping of hospital wastes and recreational activities. Conversely,
metals also occur in small amounts naturally and may enter into aquatic system through
leaching of rocks, airborne dust, forest fires and vegetation (Fernandez and Olalla, 2000). As
heavy metals cannot be degraded, they are continuously being deposited and incorporated in
water, sediment and aquatic organisms (Linnik and Zubenko, 2000), thus causing heavy
metal pollution in water bodies.
Heavy metal is any metallic chemical element that has a relatively high density and is toxic or
poisonous at low concentrations (Ngumbu, 2014). Examples of heavy metal include mercury,
cadmium, arsenic chromium, thallium and lead. As trace elements, some heavy metals (e.g.
copper, iron, zinc, manganese and selenium) are essential to maintain the metabolism of the
human body. However, at higher concentrations they can lead to poisoning (Lenntech, 2014).
Heavy metals can enter the human food through water, air, soil, plants and animals. The
pollution of the environment by heavy metals is viewed as an international problem because
1
of its effects. In recent years, the pollution of aquatic environment with heavy metals has
become a worldwide problem because of their potential toxic effect and also most of them
accumulate in tissues and organs of aquatic organism (Goldstein and Hewitt,
1990andGledhill et al., 1997). However, the amount of absorption and bioaccumulation of
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