MAXIMIZING YIELD AND NET RETURNS TO NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM FERTILIZER APPLICATION IN RICE (Oryza sativa.L) PRODUCTION ON LOW LAND SOILS

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ABSTRACT

Rice(Oryzasativa.L)isanimportantstapleandsourceofincomeforfarmersinNigeria.Currentfertilizerrecommendationsforricedonotcommonlyconsiderfertilizercostrelativetopaddyprice(CP).Theratesneededformaximizingyieldratherthanprofitshavebeenratherestimated.Asthecostoffertilizerincreasesrelativetothepriceofpaddy,thenutrientrateneededtomaximizenetreturns,typicallycalledtheeconomicallyoptimalrate(EOR),isexpectedtodecrease.Tothisend,fertilizertrialswereconductedatWushishiinNigerstateandKadawainKanostatein2015croppingseasonto:quantifytheyieldresponseoflowlandricetonitrogen,phosphorusandpotassiumapplications;estimatetheEORatdifferentCP;evaluatethecomponentsofNitrogenUseEfficiency(NUE).ThetrialsconsistedofdifferentratesofN(0,40,80,120,160kg/ha),P(0,7.5,15,22.5kg/ha)andK(0,10,20,30kg/ha)arrangedinanincompletefactorialcombinationandlaidoutinarandomizedcompleteblockdesignwiththreereplicates.Atplotlevel,paddyyieldandcomponentsofyieldweremeasured.MeanyieldwithoutnitrogeninKadawaandWushishiwere2.6and5.05tons/harespectively.ThereweresignificantincreasesinyieldwithNapplicationinbothlocations.Paddyyieldwasincreasedby3tons/hainWushishiwiththeapplicationof80kg/haofN.Similarly,40kg/haproducedmaximumpaddyyieldof3.55tons/hainKadawa.Estimatedoptimumnitrogenratesfromasymptoticnon-linearregressionmodelwere114kg/haand106kg/haforWushishiandKadawarespectively.AstheCPincreased,therangeofprofitabilityandEORdecreased.InKadawa,EORrangedfrom61to32kgha-1ofNatCPof2to10.ValuesforEORwere82to49kg/haforCPof2to10forWushishi.YieldwasnotsignificantlyincreasedwithPandKapplicationsinbothlocations.AgronomicEfficiency(AE)andPartialFactorProductivitydecreasedwithincreasingNrateinbothlocations.InWushishi,AEandPFPatCPof2were32.6kg/kgand95.6kg/kgrespectively.Similarly,AEandPFPatCPof2inKadawawere15.1kg/kgand59.6kg/kgrespectively.NitrogenfertilizationwasobservedtobemoreprofitableinWushishiduetogreatercropresponse.ApplyingNitrogenateconomicallyoptimalratecanhelpreduceexpenditureonfertilizerwhilemaximizingprofitsforricegrowers.Environmentalpollutionscommonlyassociatedwithnitrogenfertilizationcanalsobereduced.

CHAPTERONE

1.0INTRODUCTION

Rice(OryzasativaL.)isanimportantstapleformorethanhalfoftheworld’spopulation.It

accountsfor18.99%ofcalorie,1.83%offatand12.73%ofproteinintakeperday(FAOSTAT,

2011).Thedemandforricemayincreaseby60%by2025(Fageriaetal.,2003).Thedemandfor

riceisgrowingparticularlyinsub-SaharanAfricaduetorapidpopulationgrowth,consumer

preferenceandrisingincome.Nigeriaisthelargestconsumerofriceinsub-SaharanAfricawith

anestimateddemandof6.7millionmetrictonsofmilledrice(USDA,2017).Productionis

estimatedat3.8millionmetrictonsofmilledriceandhasfailedtokeeppacewiththegrowing

demandresultingtotheimportationof2.6millionmetrictonsofmilledricetofillthegap.

(USDA,2017).

LowyieldhasbeenidentifiedasmajorconstrainttoriceproductioninNigeriawhereaverage

yieldisestimatedat1.88tonsperhectare(USDA,2017).Soilnutrientdepletionandlow

fertilizerusehavebeencommonlycitedasyieldlimitingfactorsinNigeria(Ezuietal.,2010;

Liverpool-Tasieetal.,2014).Farmersunderstandtheneedtoapplynutrientstotheirlandbut

littleisusedduetotheeconomicandsocialfactorssurroundingaccesstofertilizer.Highcost

anddelayeddeliveryoffertilizeraremajorlimitationstoitsuseinriceproduction.Theexpenses

incurredinprocuringfertilizerinSub-SaharanAfricaaretwotosixtimesthecostinEuropeor

theUnitedStates(Sanchez,2002).Costofimportation,marketinefficienciesandtransportation

costaresomeofthefactorsresponsibleforhighfertilizerprices.Excessivelyhighfertilizercost

usuallyreducestheprofitabilityoffertilizeruse(Kaizzietal.,2012a).

Severalstudieshavereportedsignificantincreaseinyieldofricewithfertilizerapplication.

IshayaandDauda(2010)reportedoptimumyieldof7tons/hawithapplicationof130kg/haof

nitrogeninthesudansavanna.Kamaraetal.(2011)observedyieldincreaseof3tons/hawiththe

applicationof100kg/haofNtoNERICAvarieties.InatrialconductedbyJibrinetal.(2010)in

thesudansavanna,120kg/haofNincreasedyieldby62.9%.

1.1StatementofProblem

TheFertilizerrecommendationforallirrigatedlowlandriceinNigeriahasbeen100kg/haN,

60kg/haP2O5and60kg/haK2O(Chudeetal.,2011)withtheassumptionthattheneedfor

appliednutrientsisconstantovervarieties,seasonsanddiverseagro-ecologicalzones.Fertilizer

recommendationsarecommonlydevelopedwithoutconsideringthecostoffertilizerrelativeto

thepriceofpaddytypicallyreferredtoasfertilizercosttopaddypriceratio(CP).Instead,the

fertilizerratesneededtoattainmaximumyieldhaveoftenbeenestimated.TheCPisanindicator

ofhowmuchofanoutputisrequiredtopurchaseakilogramofanutrient(Liverpool-Tasieetal.,

2014).Asthefertilizercostincreasesrelativetopriceofpaddy,theEconomicallyOptimumRate

(EOR),describedasthenutrientrateneededtomaximizenetreturntofertilizeruse,isexpected

todecrease(Wortmannetal.,2007).InNigeria,Liverpool-Tasieetal.(2014)observedthatthe

CPcanbeaslowas1.7andhighas11.2insomeyearsandfarmingsystems.Applyingfertilizer

atexistingrecommendationswhentheCPishighcouldleadtolownetreturnsonfertilizeruse.

Kaizzietal.(2012a)andKaizzietal.(2014)developedregressionequationstorelateCPand

EORformaizeandricerespectively.ThisprovidedameansforestimatingEORatanyCP

value.

Inaddition,Nitrogenisthemostlimitingnutrientinriceproductionasitispronetolossesby

volatilization,leachinganddenitrification(Wortmannetal.,2010).Thehighcostofnitrogenin

thedevelopingworldrequiresthathigheryieldareattainedwithminimumnitrogenfertilization

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MAXIMIZING YIELD AND NET RETURNS TO NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM FERTILIZER APPLICATION IN RICE (Oryza sativa.L) PRODUCTION ON LOW LAND SOILS

The Complete Research Material is averagely 104 pages long and it is in Ms Word Format, it has 1-5 Chapters. Major Attributes are Abstract, All Chapters, Figures, Appendix, References. Study Level: BTech, BSc, BEng, BA, HND, ND or NCE. Full Access Fee: ₦7,000

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Full Access Fee: ₦7,000