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ABSTRACT
Rice(Oryzasativa.L)isanimportantstapleandsourceofincomeforfarmersinNigeria.Currentfertilizerrecommendationsforricedonotcommonlyconsiderfertilizercostrelativetopaddyprice(CP).Theratesneededformaximizingyieldratherthanprofitshavebeenratherestimated.Asthecostoffertilizerincreasesrelativetothepriceofpaddy,thenutrientrateneededtomaximizenetreturns,typicallycalledtheeconomicallyoptimalrate(EOR),isexpectedtodecrease.Tothisend,fertilizertrialswereconductedatWushishiinNigerstateandKadawainKanostatein2015croppingseasonto:quantifytheyieldresponseoflowlandricetonitrogen,phosphorusandpotassiumapplications;estimatetheEORatdifferentCP;evaluatethecomponentsofNitrogenUseEfficiency(NUE).ThetrialsconsistedofdifferentratesofN(0,40,80,120,160kg/ha),P(0,7.5,15,22.5kg/ha)andK(0,10,20,30kg/ha)arrangedinanincompletefactorialcombinationandlaidoutinarandomizedcompleteblockdesignwiththreereplicates.Atplotlevel,paddyyieldandcomponentsofyieldweremeasured.MeanyieldwithoutnitrogeninKadawaandWushishiwere2.6and5.05tons/harespectively.ThereweresignificantincreasesinyieldwithNapplicationinbothlocations.Paddyyieldwasincreasedby3tons/hainWushishiwiththeapplicationof80kg/haofN.Similarly,40kg/haproducedmaximumpaddyyieldof3.55tons/hainKadawa.Estimatedoptimumnitrogenratesfromasymptoticnon-linearregressionmodelwere114kg/haand106kg/haforWushishiandKadawarespectively.AstheCPincreased,therangeofprofitabilityandEORdecreased.InKadawa,EORrangedfrom61to32kgha-1ofNatCPof2to10.ValuesforEORwere82to49kg/haforCPof2to10forWushishi.YieldwasnotsignificantlyincreasedwithPandKapplicationsinbothlocations.AgronomicEfficiency(AE)andPartialFactorProductivitydecreasedwithincreasingNrateinbothlocations.InWushishi,AEandPFPatCPof2were32.6kg/kgand95.6kg/kgrespectively.Similarly,AEandPFPatCPof2inKadawawere15.1kg/kgand59.6kg/kgrespectively.NitrogenfertilizationwasobservedtobemoreprofitableinWushishiduetogreatercropresponse.ApplyingNitrogenateconomicallyoptimalratecanhelpreduceexpenditureonfertilizerwhilemaximizingprofitsforricegrowers.Environmentalpollutionscommonlyassociatedwithnitrogenfertilizationcanalsobereduced.
CHAPTERONE
1.0INTRODUCTION
Rice(OryzasativaL.)isanimportantstapleformorethanhalfoftheworld’spopulation.It
accountsfor18.99%ofcalorie,1.83%offatand12.73%ofproteinintakeperday(FAOSTAT,
2011).Thedemandforricemayincreaseby60%by2025(Fageriaetal.,2003).Thedemandfor
riceisgrowingparticularlyinsub-SaharanAfricaduetorapidpopulationgrowth,consumer
preferenceandrisingincome.Nigeriaisthelargestconsumerofriceinsub-SaharanAfricawith
anestimateddemandof6.7millionmetrictonsofmilledrice(USDA,2017).Productionis
estimatedat3.8millionmetrictonsofmilledriceandhasfailedtokeeppacewiththegrowing
demandresultingtotheimportationof2.6millionmetrictonsofmilledricetofillthegap.
(USDA,2017).
LowyieldhasbeenidentifiedasmajorconstrainttoriceproductioninNigeriawhereaverage
yieldisestimatedat1.88tonsperhectare(USDA,2017).Soilnutrientdepletionandlow
fertilizerusehavebeencommonlycitedasyieldlimitingfactorsinNigeria(Ezuietal.,2010;
Liverpool-Tasieetal.,2014).Farmersunderstandtheneedtoapplynutrientstotheirlandbut
littleisusedduetotheeconomicandsocialfactorssurroundingaccesstofertilizer.Highcost
anddelayeddeliveryoffertilizeraremajorlimitationstoitsuseinriceproduction.Theexpenses
incurredinprocuringfertilizerinSub-SaharanAfricaaretwotosixtimesthecostinEuropeor
theUnitedStates(Sanchez,2002).Costofimportation,marketinefficienciesandtransportation
costaresomeofthefactorsresponsibleforhighfertilizerprices.Excessivelyhighfertilizercost
usuallyreducestheprofitabilityoffertilizeruse(Kaizzietal.,2012a).
Severalstudieshavereportedsignificantincreaseinyieldofricewithfertilizerapplication.
IshayaandDauda(2010)reportedoptimumyieldof7tons/hawithapplicationof130kg/haof
1
nitrogeninthesudansavanna.Kamaraetal.(2011)observedyieldincreaseof3tons/hawiththe
applicationof100kg/haofNtoNERICAvarieties.InatrialconductedbyJibrinetal.(2010)in
thesudansavanna,120kg/haofNincreasedyieldby62.9%.
1.1StatementofProblem
TheFertilizerrecommendationforallirrigatedlowlandriceinNigeriahasbeen100kg/haN,
60kg/haP2O5and60kg/haK2O(Chudeetal.,2011)withtheassumptionthattheneedfor
appliednutrientsisconstantovervarieties,seasonsanddiverseagro-ecologicalzones.Fertilizer
recommendationsarecommonlydevelopedwithoutconsideringthecostoffertilizerrelativeto
thepriceofpaddytypicallyreferredtoasfertilizercosttopaddypriceratio(CP).Instead,the
fertilizerratesneededtoattainmaximumyieldhaveoftenbeenestimated.TheCPisanindicator
ofhowmuchofanoutputisrequiredtopurchaseakilogramofanutrient(Liverpool-Tasieetal.,
2014).Asthefertilizercostincreasesrelativetopriceofpaddy,theEconomicallyOptimumRate
(EOR),describedasthenutrientrateneededtomaximizenetreturntofertilizeruse,isexpected
todecrease(Wortmannetal.,2007).InNigeria,Liverpool-Tasieetal.(2014)observedthatthe
CPcanbeaslowas1.7andhighas11.2insomeyearsandfarmingsystems.Applyingfertilizer
atexistingrecommendationswhentheCPishighcouldleadtolownetreturnsonfertilizeruse.
Kaizzietal.(2012a)andKaizzietal.(2014)developedregressionequationstorelateCPand
EORformaizeandricerespectively.ThisprovidedameansforestimatingEORatanyCP
value.
Inaddition,Nitrogenisthemostlimitingnutrientinriceproductionasitispronetolossesby
volatilization,leachinganddenitrification(Wortmannetal.,2010).Thehighcostofnitrogenin
thedevelopingworldrequiresthathigheryieldareattainedwithminimumnitrogenfertilization
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