MAXIMIZING YIELD AND NET RETURNS TO NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM FERTILIZER APPLICATION IN RICE (Oryza sativa.L) PRODUCTION ON LOW LAND SOILS

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ABSTRACT

Rice(Oryzasativa.L)isanimportantstapleandsourceofincomeforfarmersinNigeria.Currentfertilizerrecommendationsforricedonotcommonlyconsiderfertilizercostrelativetopaddyprice(CP).Theratesneededformaximizingyieldratherthanprofitshavebeenratherestimated.Asthecostoffertilizerincreasesrelativetothepriceofpaddy,thenutrientrateneededtomaximizenetreturns,typicallycalledtheeconomicallyoptimalrate(EOR),isexpectedtodecrease.Tothisend,fertilizertrialswereconductedatWushishiinNigerstateandKadawainKanostatein2015croppingseasonto:quantifytheyieldresponseoflowlandricetonitrogen,phosphorusandpotassiumapplications;estimatetheEORatdifferentCP;evaluatethecomponentsofNitrogenUseEfficiency(NUE).ThetrialsconsistedofdifferentratesofN(0,40,80,120,160kg/ha),P(0,7.5,15,22.5kg/ha)andK(0,10,20,30kg/ha)arrangedinanincompletefactorialcombinationandlaidoutinarandomizedcompleteblockdesignwiththreereplicates.Atplotlevel,paddyyieldandcomponentsofyieldweremeasured.MeanyieldwithoutnitrogeninKadawaandWushishiwere2.6and5.05tons/harespectively.ThereweresignificantincreasesinyieldwithNapplicationinbothlocations.Paddyyieldwasincreasedby3tons/hainWushishiwiththeapplicationof80kg/haofN.Similarly,40kg/haproducedmaximumpaddyyieldof3.55tons/hainKadawa.Estimatedoptimumnitrogenratesfromasymptoticnon-linearregressionmodelwere114kg/haand106kg/haforWushishiandKadawarespectively.AstheCPincreased,therangeofprofitabilityandEORdecreased.InKadawa,EORrangedfrom61to32kgha-1ofNatCPof2to10.ValuesforEORwere82to49kg/haforCPof2to10forWushishi.YieldwasnotsignificantlyincreasedwithPandKapplicationsinbothlocations.AgronomicEfficiency(AE)andPartialFactorProductivitydecreasedwithincreasingNrateinbothlocations.InWushishi,AEandPFPatCPof2were32.6kg/kgand95.6kg/kgrespectively.Similarly,AEandPFPatCPof2inKadawawere15.1kg/kgand59.6kg/kgrespectively.NitrogenfertilizationwasobservedtobemoreprofitableinWushishiduetogreatercropresponse.ApplyingNitrogenateconomicallyoptimalratecanhelpreduceexpenditureonfertilizerwhilemaximizingprofitsforricegrowers.Environmentalpollutionscommonlyassociatedwithnitrogenfertilizationcanalsobereduced.

CHAPTERONE

1.0INTRODUCTION

Rice(OryzasativaL.)isanimportantstapleformorethanhalfoftheworld’spopulation.It

accountsfor18.99%ofcalorie,1.83%offatand12.73%ofproteinintakeperday(FAOSTAT,

2011).Thedemandforricemayincreaseby60%by2025(Fageriaetal.,2003).Thedemandfor

riceisgrowingparticularlyinsub-SaharanAfricaduetorapidpopulationgrowth,consumer

preferenceandrisingincome.Nigeriaisthelargestconsumerofriceinsub-SaharanAfricawith

anestimateddemandof6.7millionmetrictonsofmilledrice(USDA,2017).Productionis

estimatedat3.8millionmetrictonsofmilledriceandhasfailedtokeeppacewiththegrowing

demandresultingtotheimportationof2.6millionmetrictonsofmilledricetofillthegap.

(USDA,2017).

LowyieldhasbeenidentifiedasmajorconstrainttoriceproductioninNigeriawhereaverage

yieldisestimatedat1.88tonsperhectare(USDA,2017).Soilnutrientdepletionandlow

fertilizerusehavebeencommonlycitedasyieldlimitingfactorsinNigeria(Ezuietal.,2010;

Liverpool-Tasieetal.,2014).Farmersunderstandtheneedtoapplynutrientstotheirlandbut

littleisusedduetotheeconomicandsocialfactorssurroundingaccesstofertilizer.Highcost

anddelayeddeliveryoffertilizeraremajorlimitationstoitsuseinriceproduction.Theexpenses

incurredinprocuringfertilizerinSub-SaharanAfricaaretwotosixtimesthecostinEuropeor

theUnitedStates(Sanchez,2002).Costofimportation,marketinefficienciesandtransportation

costaresomeofthefactorsresponsibleforhighfertilizerprices.Excessivelyhighfertilizercost

usuallyreducestheprofitabilityoffertilizeruse(Kaizzietal.,2012a).

Severalstudieshavereportedsignificantincreaseinyieldofricewithfertilizerapplication.

IshayaandDauda(2010)reportedoptimumyieldof7tons/hawithapplicationof130kg/haof

nitrogeninthesudansavanna.Kamaraetal.(2011)observedyieldincreaseof3tons/hawiththe

applicationof100kg/haofNtoNERICAvarieties.InatrialconductedbyJibrinetal.(2010)in

thesudansavanna,120kg/haofNincreasedyieldby62.9%.

1.1StatementofProblem

TheFertilizerrecommendationforallirrigatedlowlandriceinNigeriahasbeen100kg/haN,

60kg/haP2O5and60kg/haK2O(Chudeetal.,2011)withtheassumptionthattheneedfor

appliednutrientsisconstantovervarieties,seasonsanddiverseagro-ecologicalzones.Fertilizer

recommendationsarecommonlydevelopedwithoutconsideringthecostoffertilizerrelativeto

thepriceofpaddytypicallyreferredtoasfertilizercosttopaddypriceratio(CP).Instead,the

fertilizerratesneededtoattainmaximumyieldhaveoftenbeenestimated.TheCPisanindicator

ofhowmuchofanoutputisrequiredtopurchaseakilogramofanutrient(Liverpool-Tasieetal.,

2014).Asthefertilizercostincreasesrelativetopriceofpaddy,theEconomicallyOptimumRate

(EOR),describedasthenutrientrateneededtomaximizenetreturntofertilizeruse,isexpected

todecrease(Wortmannetal.,2007).InNigeria,Liverpool-Tasieetal.(2014)observedthatthe

CPcanbeaslowas1.7andhighas11.2insomeyearsandfarmingsystems.Applyingfertilizer

atexistingrecommendationswhentheCPishighcouldleadtolownetreturnsonfertilizeruse.

Kaizzietal.(2012a)andKaizzietal.(2014)developedregressionequationstorelateCPand

EORformaizeandricerespectively.ThisprovidedameansforestimatingEORatanyCP

value.

Inaddition,Nitrogenisthemostlimitingnutrientinriceproductionasitispronetolossesby

volatilization,leachinganddenitrification(Wortmannetal.,2010).Thehighcostofnitrogenin

thedevelopingworldrequiresthathigheryieldareattainedwithminimumnitrogenfertilization

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MAXIMIZING YIELD AND NET RETURNS TO NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM FERTILIZER APPLICATION IN RICE (Oryza sativa.L) PRODUCTION ON LOW LAND SOILS

MAXIMIZING YIELD AND NET RETURNS TO NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM FERTILIZER APPLICATION IN RICE (Oryza sativa.L) PRODUCTION ON LOW LAND SOILS

The Complete Research Material is averagely 104 pages long and it is in Ms Word Format, it has 1-5 Chapters. Major Attributes are Abstract, All Chapters, Figures, Appendix, References. Study Level: BTech, BSc, BEng, BA, HND, ND or NCE. Full Access Fee: ₦7,000

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SIMILAR AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION FINAL YEAR PROJECT RESEARCH TOPICS

1. FACTORS INFLUENCING FARMERS‟ ATTITUDE AND PARTICIPATION IN COMMUNITY-BASED AGRICULTUREAND RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (CBARDP) IN SELECTED AREAS OF ...

2. HETEROSIS AND COMBINING ABILITY FOR SUGAR CONTENT AND GRAIN YIELD IN SWEET AND GRAIN SORGHUM (SORGHUM BICOLOR L. MOENCH) HYBRIDS

3. PARTICIPATION OF YOUTH IN AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES IN JEMA’A LOCAL AREA KADUNA STATE

4. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF (CLARIAS GARIEPINUS) CATFISH PRODUCTION BY RURAL FARMERS IN AKWA IBOM STATE, NIGERIA

5. THE OIL SECTOR VIS-À-VIS THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR; THE NIGERIAN EXPERIENCE (1981-2007).

6. PERCEPTION OF FARMERS ON THE EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON FARM PRODUCE

7. FARMERS’PERCEPTION OF THE GROWTH ENHANCEMENT SUPPORT (GES) SCHEME IN KOGI STATE, NIGERIA.

8. EXTRACTION OF OIL FROM LOCAL SEED (GROUNDNUT SEED) AND CHARACTERIZATION

9. THE IMPORTANCE OF FISH PRODUCTION AND ITS MARKETING VALUE IN UGHELLI NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, OF DELTA STATE

10. THE PREVALENCE OF POULTRY DISEASE AND ITS MORTALITY RATE

Trending Final Year Project Research Topics

The Complete Research Material is averagely 104 pages long and it is in Ms Word Format, it has 1-5 Chapters.

Major Attributes are Abstract, All Chapters, Figures, Appendix, References.

Study Level: BTech, BSc, BEng, BA, HND, ND or NCE.

Full Access Fee: ₦7,000