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ABSTRACT
This research work was carried out to examine the effect of cold and warm shock on hybridized fish order of Siluriformes (Heterobranchus bidorsalis and Clarias gariepinus) in indoor tanks crossing of two different species is a process called hybridization, with the offspring known as the hybrids. The length of the cold shock, warm shock and even the diploid fish ranges from 0.7 to 3.6cm, 0.6 to 3.5 cm and 0.6 to 2.7m while their weight varies from 0.008 to 0.226g, 0.008 to 0.242g and 0.009 to 0.140g after 6 weeks of culture. The hatchability rate for the triploid fish was low. The feed used in raising the hatchlings for the first two weeks were mostly live feed daphnia which encourage growth and are preferred by the fish. This study has shown that bigger Heteroclarias was produced when triploid cold shock than warm shock and diploid. Thus this research has provided information that will enhance the production of bigger fish in aquaculture.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
Aquaculture in Nigeria is in the developing stage, because it
has not been able to meet demand and supple of the ever-increasing
human population (Ojutiku, 2008).The development of improved fish seed
stocks that can contribute to increased fish production and at the same
time ensuring protection of biodiversity and the environment is seen
as one of the key solutions to securing future food requirement of the
growing world population (Lincoln,1980).Genetics and the successful
application of breeding programs in crops and livestock have provided
the impetus for the governments it has been acknowledged as the most
efficient means of providing protein rich food, income generation and
employment opportunities for the populace. (Ojutiku 2008) noted the
interest in fish culture is growing very rapidly in Nigeria but the
scarcity of fingerlings of widely acceptable species of catfish such as
Heterobranchus species (Val. 1840) and Clarias species
tend to constitute a major constraint to the rapid development of fish
farming in Nigeria. He also mentioned that economically productive
aquaculture, is heavily dependent on adequate supply of fish stock to
ponds and other culture
systems.
One of the methods of improving growth performance of
aquaculture species is through biotechnology. This could be through
hybridization, genetic engineering and chromosome manipulation. The
quest to obtain fast growing species to meet the high demand of fish
consumers in the populace has lead fish farmers, to manipulate
chromosome of various indigenous culturable fish species(Eyo et al;
2003). Chromosome manipulation is the alteration of chromosome numbers
to produce polyploids such as triploid and tetraploid (Lawson and
Ishola, 2010). Polyploidy is an occurrence in which gamete and somatic
cells possess haploid number of chromosomes. Forms of having 3n
chromosomes are triploids; 4n, tetarploids; 5n, pentaploids. The
techniques that are used to alter the chromosome number are cold, heat,
pressure and chemical shocks. This alteration in chromosome number is
often associated with advantageous features such as increased size,
hardiness, and resistance to disease (Lawson and Ishola, 2010).
Besides, the basic goal governing the technology is to produce sterile
fish in order to prevent gamete formation, to produce fast growing
fish, to improve carcass quality and to utilize exotic species both in
fish farming and fisheries management (Lawson and Ishola. 2010).
Mass production of fry, fingerlings and adult of Clarias gariepinus and Heterobranchus bidorsalis through
hypophysation, gynogenesis. Hybridization, and polypoidy had been
carried out by many scientist among who are (Gheyas et al; 2001; Herbst,
2002; Eyo et al; 2003, Lawson and Ishola, 2010 and Nwachi, 2012).
In fishes, triploidy and tetarploidy may be currently obtained
by shocking newly fertilized eggs shortly after fertilization. Fish
eggs do not extrude the second polar body until they are fertilized,
because of this, if a newly fertilized egg is shocked, the shock
prevents the second polar body from leaving the egg; consequently the
fertilized egg will contain three haploid nuclei; one from the egg, one
from the sperm, and one from the second polar body (Dunham et al;
2003). These three haploid nuclei will fuse to from a triploid zygote
nucleus, which creates a triploid, while four haploid nuclei fuse to
form a tetraploid zygote.
Triploid and tetraploids have been created in fishes using
shocks (Dunham et al; 2003).( Eyo et al. 2003),induced triploidy in
rainbow trout by raising the temperature in which the newly hatched
eggs are incoubated at 20°c for 10 minutes beginning from 20-40 minutes
after fertilization. Triploids and triploids do not have normal gonadal
development (Gheyas et al; 2001) they have much lower gondal somatic
indices and they are functionally sterile because they produce
aneuploidy gametes. Hence, they might grow faster than diploids as they
reach the age of sexual maturity because they may direct energy from
reproduction to somatic growth (Gheyas et al;2001).it was further
explained that sterility might also suppress some of the other
undesirable phenomena (form aquaculture point of view) associated with
reproduction such as reduced appetite reduced feed conversion
efficiency, deterioration in flesh quality, and post spawning
mortality. More consistently than growth rate adult tetraploid and
triploids have higher dress-out weights or fillet weights than diploids
(Lawson and Ishola, 2010) (Eyo et al.2003) observed that tetraploid
and triploid channel catfish have a better dress out percentage than
diploid fish as a result of lack of gonadal development.
Thermal treatment involves cold and warm shock which depends on
the level of heat or icing involved. Optimal temperature ranges, as
well as upper and lower lethal temperatures, vary widely between and
among species and are dependent on genetics, developmental stage and
thermal histories and (Bitinger et al; 2000; Somero, 2005).
1.1 Justification of the Study
The importance of Clarias spp. Heterbranchus spp.
of catfish being the most cultured and studied aquaculture species,
coupled with the high rate of its depletion from the wild stock (as a
result of overfishing activity) gingered the present interest to
manipulate the chromosome number through cold in order to produce
better stock in terms of their growth performance and optimization of
triploid of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and (Heterobranchus bidorlais). This will improve the aquaculture industry with the provision of species with much better and faster growing stock.
1.2 Aims and Objectives of Study
The study is therefore aimed at;
1. Producing triploid and diploid of heteroclarias species,
2. Investigating the growth performance of induced
triploid (warm and cold shock), compared to their diploid counterpart
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