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ABSTRACT
This project was aimed at finding out the different
microorganism that are associated with the method of processing
pathogen free poultry manure, identifying various contaminants that are
associated with poultry manure. It is also aimed at comparing the
different method of processing pathogen free poultry manure to find out
the different contaminants that are associated with the poultry
manure; and the different methods used was Boiled, Sundried, Roasted,
Oven dried and Raw poultry manure. The contaminate found from the
different methods were Escherichia coli, spore of fungi, staphylococcus and streptococcus pyogenes.
And out of the five methods, Roasted and Oven dried poultry manure had
no contaminate. The result of the study shows that there was no
significant different (p>0.05) in the entire poultry manure sample
in bacteria count.
CHAPTERONE
INTRODUCTION
Poultry population is rising every year leaving large amount of
poultry refuse. The poultry population in India is 489 million and the
manure availability is estimated to be 12.1 million tones (Livestock
Census, 2003), while in Nigeria, about 935.5 metric tones of manure is
produced annually. The poultry population is not spread throughout, but
is concentrated in some pockets only. Normally, the manure is stored
in most of the farms before disposal, at least for a period of one
month and this leads to loss of nearly 40% nitrogen (N) which reduces
the value of the manure.
Fish raised in semi-intensive, fresh water system provides the
major proportion of farmed, global production (FAO, 1995). A high
proportion of this aquaculture occurs in rapidly developing Asian
countries, which are also experiencing sharply increased consumption of
poultry semi-intensive system are usually based on ponds fertilized
with livestock manure and fed with low cost supplementary feeds.
There are different types of poultry manure such as deep letter
manure, broiler manure, cage manure and high rise manure. Nutrient
values of poultry manure vary considerable depending upon the
conditions. Under which it is processed. The ration of litter to manure
and the moisture content causes considerable variation among manures
from different house. Poultry manure contains about 3-5% nitrogen,
1.5-3.5% phosphorus and 1.5-3.0% potassium and macro nutrient at
consideration amount.
Poultry are more nutrient dense than other livestock wastes.
Typically they contains less moisture, fiber and compounds such as
tannins that discolor water when used widely in both fresh and brackish
water aquaculture.
The import of poultry wastes in aquaculture is relatively
recent. In areas of traditional fish culture , ruminant and pig manure
have predominated as pond fertilizer in the India subcontinent and
China respectively. Poultry manure was not used to any extent probably
because small flock size and extensive management precluded collection.
A range of poultry by product are produced and re used in livestock
feeds including feather meal, blood meal, poultry letter meal etc.
(Muller, 1980) and poultry wastes are used as feedstuffs for fish and
also as soil conditioner.
1.2 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
Nutrient value of poultry manure varies considerably depending
upon the conditions under which it is processed. Therefore, they study
hopes to highlight the characteristics of poultry manure chemical
deposition, and methods of processing pathogens. Free poultry manure
for use in aquaculture practice.
1.3 Aims and Objectives
1. To know the methods of processing in the usage of poultry manure.
2. To know the problems in the usage of poultry manure in aquaculture.
3. To recommend the best method of preparing pathogen-free
poultry manure that is free or devoid of micro-organism in fish
culture.
ABSTRACT
This project was aimed at finding out the different
microorganism that are associated with the method of processing
pathogen free poultry manure, identifying various contaminants that are
associated with poultry manure. It is also aimed at comparing the
different method of processing pathogen free poultry manure to find out
the different contaminants that are associated with the poultry
manure; and the different methods used was Boiled, Sundried, Roasted,
Oven dried and Raw poultry manure. The contaminate found from the
different methods were Escherichia coli, spore of fungi, staphylococcus and streptococcus pyogenes.
And out of the five methods, Roasted and Oven dried poultry manure had
no contaminate. The result of the study shows that there was no
significant different (p>0.05) in the entire poultry manure sample
in bacteria count.
CHAPTERONE
INTRODUCTION
Poultry population is rising every year leaving large amount of
poultry refuse. The poultry population in India is 489 million and the
manure availability is estimated to be 12.1 million tones (Livestock
Census, 2003), while in Nigeria, about 935.5 metric tones of manure is
produced annually. The poultry population is not spread throughout, but
is concentrated in some pockets only. Normally, the manure is stored
in most of the farms before disposal, at least for a period of one
month and this leads to loss of nearly 40% nitrogen (N) which reduces
the value of the manure.
Fish raised in semi-intensive, fresh water system provides the
major proportion of farmed, global production (FAO, 1995). A high
proportion of this aquaculture occurs in rapidly developing Asian
countries, which are also experiencing sharply increased consumption of
poultry semi-intensive system are usually based on ponds fertilized
with livestock manure and fed with low cost supplementary feeds.
There are different types of poultry manure such as deep letter
manure, broiler manure, cage manure and high rise manure. Nutrient
values of poultry manure vary considerable depending upon the
conditions. Under which it is processed. The ration of litter to manure
and the moisture content causes considerable variation among manures
from different house. Poultry manure contains about 3-5% nitrogen,
1.5-3.5% phosphorus and 1.5-3.0% potassium and macro nutrient at
consideration amount.
Poultry are more nutrient dense than other livestock wastes.
Typically they contains less moisture, fiber and compounds such as
tannins that discolor water when used widely in both fresh and brackish
water aquaculture.
The import of poultry wastes in aquaculture is relatively
recent. In areas of traditional fish culture , ruminant and pig manure
have predominated as pond fertilizer in the India subcontinent and
China respectively. Poultry manure was not used to any extent probably
because small flock size and extensive management precluded collection.
A range of poultry by product are produced and re used in livestock
feeds including feather meal, blood meal, poultry letter meal etc.
(Muller, 1980) and poultry wastes are used as feedstuffs for fish and
also as soil conditioner.
1.2 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
Nutrient value of poultry manure varies considerably depending
upon the conditions under which it is processed. Therefore, they study
hopes to highlight the characteristics of poultry manure chemical
deposition, and methods of processing pathogens. Free poultry manure
for use in aquaculture practice.
1.3 Aims and Objectives
1. To know the methods of processing in the usage of poultry manure.
2. To know the problems in the usage of poultry manure in aquaculture.
3. To recommend the best method of preparing pathogen-free
poultry manure that is free or devoid of micro-organism in fish
culture.
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