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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Malaria is one of the most
important killer diseases in Africa causing more than one million
deaths every year. In Nigeria, the infection rate has been described as
holoedenic with more than 75% of children ages 2-9 years infected
(Saloko et al., 1994). Persistence of malaria symptoms after
treatment with over the counter available antimalarial drugs have
resulted in a gradual loss of faith in orthodox drugs (Moody, 2007).
There is also increased dependence on herbal remedies due to
the high cost of the world health organization (WHO) recommended
artesunute (Acts) for the treatment of malaria by the peasant and low
income earners who are the most affected by the disease (Ndem et al.,
2013). Available evidence shown that herbal remedies have been used in
the treatment of ailment and have continued to play significant roles
in the general provision of good health to people over the world
(Farombia, 2003). Leaves, bark, root and even the latex of plant are
used medicinally by traditional medicine practitioners for the
treatment of various body ailments such as malaria, typhoid, fever,
cancer, diabetes mellitus, hypertension etc (Farombia, 2003).
Most medicinal plant used for the treatment of ailment are by
far less concentrated, less toxic and are used in much lower does than
orthodox medicine which in concentrated drugs formulations are designed
to target and reverse specific pathologies in the minimum time, one of
such plant is Hippocratea africana (Moody, 2007). In the case
of malaria, several herbal remedies have been decumented to have
antiplasmodial activity such as Azadirachta indica, magnifera indica,
cymbogon citratus and citrus auranferal. Hippocratea africana
have been reported to possess invivo antiplasmodial activity with
lethal dosage (LD50) of 2.5mg/kg body loeight in mice (Okokon et al.,
2006) Hippocratea africana also possess anti-inflammatory, analgesic,
and antipyretic properties which are probably mediated through
inhibition of various antacoid formation and releases (perez et al., 1995) Hippocratea africana have been reported to have non effect on albumin and protein concentration in female albino wistar rats (Ndem et al., 2013).
Studied carried act in mice shows that, ethanolic root extract of Hippocratea africana
possess promising blood schizotocidal activity, both in early and
establish, infection at oral doses of 200 to 600mg/kg/day (Okokon et al., 2006).
The chemosuppresive effect of Hippocretea africana at
400 to 600mg/kg were 81.8% and 90.6% respectively while that of
chloroquine at 5mg/kg was 92.5%. Taking chloroquine during pregnancy
increases the risk of maternal and neonatal death, miscarriage and
still birth (Michaelides et al, 2011). Pyrimethamine has been
reported to cause spermatogemic arrest and male infertility in a dose
dependent manner (Cosentino et al., 1990). The infertility
effect of amodiaquine hydrocholoride has been reported to disrupt the
oestrus cycle and ovulation and reduces the number of ova release
(Gbotowrun et al., 2011). Artesunate has been reported to cause significant embryo-fetal toxicity causing embryo deaths and malformation (Ruth et al.,
2010). Maternal alcohol consumption may prevent proper implantation of
the fertilized egg, usually terminating pregnancy (Nathanson, 2007).
Most of the research on antimalarial herb recorded are on their
antiplasmodial properties. There is no literature on the effect of Hippocratea africana, for example on its effect on hormone concentration. This study is therefore designed to investrgate the effect of Hippocratea africana root bark extract on estradiol concentration of female albino wistar rats.
1.1 AIM OF THIS STUDY
The aim of this research is to determine the effect of
Hippocratea africana root bark extract on estradiol concentration in
female albino wistar rats.
1.2 SCOPE OF STUDY
The scope of this work includes:
- Pulverizing the plant (Hippocratea africana) material.
- Obtaining the crude extract of hippocratea africana using 80% ethanol.
- Determining the effect of Hipporcatea africana on the estradiol concentration of female albino wistar rats.
1.3 HYPOTHESIS
Based on the aim of the study, the following null and alternative hypotheses will guide this work.
Null Hypotheses
There is no significant effect of Hippicratea africana root
bark extract on estradiol concentration in female albino wistar rats.
Alternative Hypotheses
There is significant effect of Hippocratea africana root bark
extract on estradiol concentration in female albino wistar rats.
1.4 JUSTIFICATION
The current trend in the problem of reproductive failure terms
infertility in Nigeria necessitate this study on the effect of root
bark extract of hippocratea africana normally use traditionally in the
treatment of malaria on the level estradiol in female albino wistar
rats.
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